Grammar

Verbals

Syntax

Part I. VERBALS

1. VERBALS: Forms and Types

Exercise 1.1. Write the ing-form of the following verbs. Recollect the corresponding rules.

to paint

to rest

to dance

to fade

to age

to singe

to free

to tiptoe

to dye

to die

to tie

to dip

to trot

to box

to row

to play

to cry

to bar

to drag

to admit

to compel

to control

to distil

to excel

to confer

to deter

to incur

to occur

to refer

to transfer

to handicap

to cancel

to travel

to dial

to equal

to hiccup

to kidnap

to worship

to program

to mimic

to panic

Exercise 1.2. Write the past participle form of the following verbs. Recollect the corresponding rules.

to gain

to watch

to discard

to fade

to free

to dye

to tiptoe

to tie

to die

to cry

to stay

to beg

to chat

to cram

to blur

to instil

to propel

to equip

to handicap

to duel

to enrol

to worship

to mimic

to panic

to arise

to bite

to cast

to lay

to lie

to relay

to burn

to spell

to hang

to light

to fit

to get

to oversee

to baby-sit

Exercise 1.3. Write all the possible forms of the infinitive, ing-form and past participle for the verbs TO SHAKE, TO COME, TO WANT.

TO SHAKE

TO COME

TO WANT

Infinitive

Ing-form

past

participle

Exercise 1.4. Use one of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.

1. But one demand he returned to again and again. He wanted (to make, to be made) a producer tomorrow.

2. I really do believe I'll be able (to sleep, to be sleeping) tonight.

3. The puzzle seemed (to fit, to be fitting) itself together piece by piece.

4. Behind the cupboard door there was a long list of rules, ending with: "No nails (to drive, to be driven) into walls."

5. You might (to change, to have changed) your mind about them.

6. I was dropping with fatigue and would (to give, to have given) anything not (to go, to be going) out.

7. Something seemed (to amuse, to be amusing) her immensely.

8. His red cheeks seemed (to fall, to have fallen) in and he looked a positive wreck of his usual jolly, healthy self.

9. And Evant was supposed (to be devoted, to have been devoted) to his master.

10. He wished Chilla was still there, and he could (to point, to have pointed) her out to him.

11. A great weight seemed (to roll, to have rolled) off my mind.

12. And then, by the sound of his voice, she knew that they should (to go, to be going).

Exercise 1.5. Mark which of the following features are characteristic of Gerund, Participle, or Verbal Noun.

Feature	G	P	N	E.g.
can be used with an article				a good brushing
can have plural forms				his likings
takes an OF-object				the first hearing of the law
can be modified by an adjective				a severe scolding
can be modified by a possessive noun / pronoun				his feeling of fear
can take a direct object				His feeling fear made me nervous, too.
Can be preceded by a preposition				by opening the door
can be used as a subject				Learning is hard.
Can be used as an object				to study gardening
can be used as a predicative				Seeing is believing.
Can be used as an attribute with prepositions only				chance of marrying him
can be used as an adverbial modifier with prepositions only				on coming home
can be used as part of a compound noun				a dancing hall a dancing girl
can be used as an attribute without prepositions only				the stars twinkling in the sky
can be used as an adverbial modifier without prepositions only, or after the conjunctions WHEN and WHILE				having come home, when approaching her

Exercise 1.6. State whether the ing-form is a participle, a gerund or a verbal noun. Give your reasons.

1. Here I am, trying to pour out my soul to you, and you keep interrupting me with questions...

2. "Are you making a good living?" I asked, smiling.

3. For a while the two women sat still, waiting for the doctor's coming and Lisa lay gazing vacantly at the wall...

4. As he approached his house he was conscious of the rapid beating of his heart.

5. Anyhow he had enough to live in what he considered was the proper style for a gentleman without trying to earn money...

6. "Oh," cried Sally, seeing the advertisement of a play being acted at the neighboring theatre.

7. At that moment... Freddie Hampton arrived, leaping from his taxi and entering the hotel with a page boy carrying his golf clubs behind him.

8. I say, I wonder if you mind coming to see me.

9. I imagined him with his little legs trying to keep up with her. Panting a little in his haste he told her how miserable he was.

10. Martin Wyde came down from the hotel and stood watching and listening to the music - squeaky fiddles and deep trombones - young singing voices and clapping hands.

11. It appeared that the night-porter had been roused by the ringing of the telephone from Miss King's room, but on listening could get no one to speak.

12. And she couldn't help being sorry for Winifred.

2. PARTICIPLE

Exercise 2.1. Supply corresponding English translation:

Russian “причастия, деепричастия”

E.g.

English

действительное причастие настоящего времени

бегущий мальчик;

дымящееся ружье;

коптящаяся колбаса;

тропинка, ведущая в сад

страдательное причастие настоящего времени

исследуемый вопрос;

газеты, издаваемые у нас

действительное причастие прошедшего времени

опавшие листья;

лаявшая собака бегала;

лаявшая собака замолкла;

слуга, убравший комнату

страдательное причастие прошедшего времени

украденные вещи;

книга, прочитанная нами

Note: Perfective and Passive forms of Participle I are not normally used for Russian “причастия”

деепричастие совершенного вида

войдя в гостиницу;

услышав новость;

закончив собрание

деепричастие несовершенного вида

входя в гостиницу;

слыша этот крик;

заканчивая собрание

Note: Participles are used after conjunctions (when speaking), gerunds after prepositions (on coming).

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English:

1. ломающийся голос

2. разбитая чашка

3. проигранная игра

4. проигравшая команда

5. проигрывающая команда

6. кипяченая вода

7. кипящая вода

8. забытый метод

9. человек, забывший...

10. лающая собака

11. испытанный метод

12. жареная рыба

13. жарящаяся рыба

14. вспрыгнувший на стол кот

15. прыгающая собака

16. украденная тема

17. смеющийся голос

18. смеявшаяся девушка

19. выбранная тема

20. печеный картофель

21. потерянный шанс

22. найденное решение

23. выигравший спортсмен

24. написанное письмо

25. разорванный конверт

Exercise 2.3. Paraphrase the following sentences. Use the appropriate forms of the participle instead of the italicized attributive clauses where possible.

1. The afternoon which Denis spent at the typewriter had been a happy one.

2. The blonde who had been driving was sitting over her cup of coffee on the now empty terrace.

3. From time to time she shouted some directions to the children who were playing on the sand.

4. It was a striking dress with a red belt which she wore low on her hips.

5. They were still speaking of the game which they had lost.

6. She tried to look grave but she could not control her lips which were curving into a happy smile.

7. De nis who was hurrying past them, turned at the sound of her voice.

8. Angie who had just left school joined them at the hotel.

9. The boat which had been freshly painted looked smart and expensive.

10. He indicated a low building which had been painted a vivid pink.

11. It was only Angie who was rapidly coming down the slope.

12. Nothing remained except the car which he had bought the week before and had not yet paid for.

Exercise 2.4. Translate into English using participles if possible:

1. Мы весь день бродили по городу и уехали поздно вечером.

2. Сделав уроки, он включил телевизор.

3. Читая книги, выписывайте новые слова.

4. Он показал мне ручку, купленную в Ленинграде.

5. Спортсмены, занявшие первые десять мест, будут выступать во второй половине состязания.

6. Лающие собаки не кусаются.

7. Он боялся лаявшей собаки.

8. Когда он рассказал все, ему стало легче.

9. Она что-то говорила плачущему ребенку.

10. Студент, потерявший ручку, может получить ее обратно в деканате.

11. Проигравшая команда молча покидала поле.

12. Он болел за проигрывающую команду.

13. Написавший это человек ошибается.

14. Вот темы, обычно обсуждающиеся на семинарах по лексикологии.

15. Это тема доклада, обсуждавшегося на прошлом семинаре.

16. Вот мои записи лекций, прочитанных в прошлом году.

17. Как вам нравится книга, которую сейчас обсуждают?

18. Игра, которую выиграла эта команда, была ключевой игрой чемпионата.

19. Говорившая по телефону девушка положила трубку и повернулась ко мне.

20. Говорившая с ней девушка показала на меня.

21. Это была одна из историй, которые часто рассказывала его сестра.

22. Ему хотелось забыть грустную историю, рассказанную ему девочкой.

23. Он сидел, не слушая историю, которую рассказывала одна из девочек.

24. Я думаю, что девочка, рассказывающая эту историю, уверена, что это правда.

25. Он дал мне несколько отпечатанных на машинке листков.

26. Мы оставили ему записку и отправились на прогулку в парк.

27. Он открыл книгу и показал мне подчеркнутое место.

28. Она улыбнулась и вышла из комнаты.

29. Она тяжело вздохнула и налила себе вторую чашку кофе.

30. Она открыла зонтик и храбро пошла под дождь.

Exercise 2.5. Study the syntactic functions. In Exercise 2.6. find the syntactic functions of participles and participial constructions.

		E.g.
1.	*Subject*
2.	Subjective predicative (part of a complex subject)
3.	*Predicate* (part of a simple predicate)
4.	Predicative (part of a compound predicate)
5.	Direct *Object*
6.	Indirect Object
7.	Prepositional object
8.	Objective predicative (part of a complex object)
9.	*Attribute*
10.	*Adverbial Modifier* of time / frequency / duration
11.	of place / direction / destination / distance
12.	of manner
13.	of attendant circumstances
14.	of degree / measure
15.	of cause / reason
16.	of result / consequence
17.	of condition
18.	of concession
19.	of comparison
20.	of purpose
21.	of exception

Exercise 2.6. State the functions of participles and participial constructions.

1. Andrew rose and crossed the room, with a pale face and a heavily beating heart.

2. Kay swung round on Mr. Wrenn, her eyes gleaming with the light that shines only in the eyes of girls who are entitled to say "I told you so!" to elderly relatives.

3. But she (June), having clasped her hands on his knees, rubbed her chin against him, making a sound like a purring cat.

4. But now, seeing her weeping and broken before him... his heart softened.

5. This time Sam performed the descent of the steps in a single leap. But reaching the gate he was struck by a thought.

6. They stopped a passing miner, and were soon directed to Vale View.

7. Kay stared thoughtfully before her; and staring, was aware of Sam hurrying through the swing door.

8. Hokkaids listened attentively, nodding, then replied.

9. The four people upstairs, trying to make conversation, listened despite themselves to the clink of glasses and the scrape of chairs.

10. Fumblingly he pressed her hand, turned, clattered down the path and was on his way home with dancing thoughts, walking on air...

11. ...their whispers became so loud that the Judge angrily threatened to have the court cleared if there was not immediate silence.

12. On the threshold stood a tall man with black hair neatly parted in the middle, china blue eyes with a particularly innocent expression and a large placid face.

13. The house that had seemed whirring, buzzing a moment since, was suddenly very quiet, a breath of air crept in through the open front door carrying the noise of a passing motor... .

14. It was ages since I had been out anywhere, and I had to spend all my day off duty on the day of the concert trying to make up for the neglect of my nails and hair.

15. The sun has set, and it was twilight, the sky was growing dark, bringing to view the twinkling stars.

16. She drank some water, and then taking up a broken hand-glass she looked at herself, saying: "I am a sight!"

3. PARTICIPLE: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

Exercise 3.1. Supply corresponding English verbals, state their form.

TO ENTERTAIN

Он должен развлекать гостей.
Он, должно быть, развлекает гостей.
Он, должно быть, развлекал гостей.
Он, должно быть, развлекает их уже три часа.

Гостей должны развлекать.
Гостей, должно быть, развлекают.
Гостей, должно быть, развлекали.
Гостей, должно быть, развлекают уже три часа.

TO POSSESS

Вы должны обладать мужеством.
Вы, должно быть, обладаете мужеством.
Вы, должно быть, обладали мужеством.
Вы, должно быть, обладаете мужеством с детства.

Мужеством надо обладать каждому.
Мужеством, должно быть, обладает каждый.
Мужеством, должно быть, обладал каждый.
Мужеством, должно быть, обладает каждый с детства.

TO BELONG

Дом должен принадлежать ей.
Дом, должно быть, принадлежит ей.
Дом, должно быть, принадлежал ей.
Дом, должно быть, принадлежал ей с детства.

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TO CONTROL

Контролируя, …
Проконтролировав, …
Контролируя с самого утра, …

Будучи под контролем, …
Будучи проконтролированы, …
Находясь под контролем с самого утра, …

TO INCLUDE

Включая и его, …
Включив и его, …
Включая все время и его, …

Будучи включенным, …
Будучи включенным уже давно, …
Будучи включаемым все время, …

TO LAST

Продолжаясь три часа, …
Продлившись три часа, …
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Participles as Attributes:

1. are used in their indefinite form only;

2. are used in pre-position without accompanying words and in post-position with accompanying words (participial phrases);

3. are seldom used for the Russian “действительное причастие прошедшего времени” - an attributive clause is used instead: Мать, знавшая все его привычки, … è Mother, who knew all his habits, …

Exercise 3.2. Translate orally the instructor’s phrases.

Exercise 3.3. Comment on the function of the participles.

1. Accompanied by his father, he ascended to his new room.

2. Approaching Soho, he thought of the years in Brighton.

3. As if torn with indecision, he cried.

4. Being of a more slender figure than his wife, he looked younger.

5. Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.

6. Having closed the drawing-room door, she awaited a little.

7. He answered through the locked door.

8. He is a man loved and admired by everybody.

9. He was on his guard as though waiting for a further question.

10. Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

11. In spite of himself, Val was impressed.

12. She began to walk carefully, setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps.

13. She was silent, again looking at her hands.

14. The breach of the law, if discovered, would bring them into the court.

15. The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.

16. The whole damned day had been humiliating.

17. They went into the room beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps.

18. This was said as if thinking aloud.

19. Turning slowly, she went to her room.

20. When questioned, Annie had implied vaguely that she was nervous.

21. While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove.

Exercise 3.4. Translate using participles where possible.

1. (Рассказав все, что он знал) the witness left the box.

2. (Толкнув дверь) he felt that it was not locked, and (открыв ее) he looked inside.

3. Each time (рассказывая об этом случае) he could not help a smile.

4. (Когда их поставили в воду) the flowers opened their petals.

5. A new power plant is to be built here in two years (которая будет снабжать электричеством) a number of industrial regions.

6. (Тихо закрыв за собой дверь) he tiptoed into the room.

7. At the conference they discussed new methods (применяемые) in building.

8. (Уронив монету на пол) he did not care to look for it in the darkness and took another one.

9. Did you see in what direction the man (стоявший здесь) went?

10. Go to the corner and ask the militiaman (стоящего там) to show you the way.

11. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a telegram awaiting her.

12. He wants to write a book (которая бы подытожила) his impressions of the trip.

13. (Опустив монету и подняв трубку) he began to dial the number.

14. Here are some samples of the products of this plant (посылаемые) to different parts of the country.

15. (Приехав сюда) only a few years before he knew those parts as if he had always lived there.

16. Here are the samples of products of the plants (посылавших) us machinery.

17. I felt very tired (проработав целый день) in the sun.

18. (Постучав дважды и не получив ответа) he decided that there was nobody in.

19. Suddenly I heard a sound of a key (поворачиваемого) in the lock.

20. The bricklayer (применивший) a new method in building made a report at the conference.

Note: the noun modified by a participial phrase is supposed to be the subject of the action expressed by the participle:

incorrect: Having reached the forest, it started to rain. (dangling modifier)

correct: Having reached the forest, we noticed that it’d started to rain.

The rule is true for any modifier, not participles only.

Exercise 3.5. Correct misplaced (dangling) modifiers.

1. Before varnishing the desktop, it should be polished thoroughly.

2. Having twisted my ankle quite badly, my doctor gave me crutches.

3. Protecting the paint of your new car with our product, fading will not mar the car's finish.

4. When looking for new sources, "Books in Print" should be consulted.

5. Carefully protected by a good coating, nothing can damage the top of that desk.

6. Quite pleased with his quick reply, Frank's smile lit up the room.

7. While preparing my resume, my grandmother brought me tea and cookies.

8. Locked in a box for fifty years, the owner of the jewels has finally decided to sell them.

9. Having killed a man and served four years in prison, I feel that this character is ready for more trouble.

10. The police said the Toyota traveled down the shoulder for almost 1,000 feet and then hit a telegraph pole going about 45 miles an hour.

11. Do not sit in the chair if not fully assembled.

12. We saw many bears driving through Yellowstone Park.

13. I know a man with a wooden leg named Smith.

14. I have a pearl ring from a passenger found on the floor.

15. A woman was selling hot dogs dressed in a bikini.

Exercise 3.6. Find misplaced modifiers and correct the sentence:

1. The tree almost is twice as tall as the house.

2. The committee established the need for radical new approaches to the problem in its report.

3. After your registration you may either pay for your textbooks by check or by credit card.

4. This morning I saw five turtles on a walk down the road.

5. I am trying to not only improve my typing speed but also my accuracy.

6. Fred observed several people jogging down the road from his porch.

7. You only can hear the band in that concert next Friday.

8. People who run long distances occasionally may suffer from muscle soreness.

9. You either make the repair now, or you run the risk of a major breakdown later.

10. Marsha has almost found all the books related to her research project.

11. Yesterday there was a presentation about the importance of careful disposal techniques for nuclear waste in my biology class.

12. The two girls saw a huge spider walking out of the library.

13. Please recognize that every adult is not as interested in physical fitness as you are.

14. They have either shipped the package or they will bring it when they come.

15. Students who do not go to the computer lab often have difficulty with their programming.

16. I have a terrific novel about counter-intelligence work in my locker at the gym.

17. By attending the conference I both profited from the speeches and the association with new friends.

18. The chairperson rose and said, "Professor Hubert will tell us how to prepare our own tax returns in a few minutes."

19. At Tommy's birthday party the children almost ate every one of the four dozen cookies his mother had baked.

Exercise 3.7. Translate into English using participles where possible.

1. Оставив вещи в камере хранения, мы пошли осматривать город.

2. Оставляя пальто в гардеробе, вы получаете номер.

3. Человек, оставивший свой чемодан в вестибюле, прошел к администратору.

4. Пассажиры, оставляющие свои вещи в камере хранения, получают квитанцию.

5. Вещи, оставляемые в камере хранения, сохраняются там двадцать дней.

6. Вещи, оставленные в трамвае, могут быть получены в любое время на станции у дежурного.

7. Оставшись один, он начал распаковывать вещи.

8. Я не мог переодеться, так как оставил вещи на вокзале.

9. Мы пробыли весь день в городе и уехали вечером.

10. Купив билеты и оставив вещи на вокзале, мы решили навестить друзей.

4. PARTICIPLE: PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

Exercise 4.1. Recast the following sentences so as to use subordinate clauses instead of constructions with the participle.

1. "I'm afraid you'll find the place in rather a mess," he said apologetically, leading the way to the drawing-room. "I've only moved in."

2. A tenant had made inquiries concerning the house, wishing to rent it.

3. Coming to the Botanical Gardens one morning in the middle of October, John found his favorite bench occupied.

4. Coming up to the door I found him sitting near it.

5. Having nearly two hours to wait, he made himself comfortable in the waiting room.

6. He glanced quickly at Christine, hoping she had not observed the incident.

7. He slid silently through the back door..., and having removed his shoes, climbed the kitchen stairs.

8. Helen found herself blinking back at him, but she saw no humor in it.

9. I sank down on the sofa, suddenly realizing what had happened.

10. I woke up. The sun, streaming through the window, had hit my face.

11. Just as I got there I saw in the distance the woman called Carol coming along the cliff path.

12. Liza did not answer, and Mrs.Webster, having nothing more to say, continued her supper in silence.

13. Most people living in out-of-the-way places when the mail comes tear open impatiently their papers.

14. Peter, meeting Andrew in the street, remarked airily: "I never had a better case."

15. Rising, he went to the parlor, where the doctor, standing on the hearth-rug with his back to the fire, greeted him.

16. Suddenly she roused herself with a start, fancying she had heard something.

17. Switching on the light in the nursery, she found Julie tossing feverishly and giving out odd little cries.

18. They had to be content with a compartment packed with miners, loudly discussing the City football match.

19. We had reached Piccadilly, and stopping I stretched out my hand to Dave.

20. When we were in the train, speeding towards Riga, my friend wrote busily for a few minutes.

Exercise 4.2. Re-make the following sentences into sentences with participial phrases or absolute participial constructions.

1. Elizabeth suddenly realized that her books were missing. She ran quickly from the room.

2. The car had finally been repaired. Our trip west could continue.

3. My power saw burned its motor last week. My neighbor Jack let me borrow his.

4. A few photographs had been taken by former staff members. The photographs were found in the files.

5. Martin and Jim found few people in the office. So they also decided to leave early for lunch.

6. Elaine was the only one in the group who had taken astronomy. Therefore, she was chosen to learn celestial navigation.

7. The rocks in Yosemite are some of the best in the country. Many rock climbers come here every year.

8. Our runners have already broken several state records. Our university is always favored at the state track meeting.

9. We have very few strong runners. Our university is not given much of a chance at the state tournament.

10. The astronauts had completed the last of the day's experiments. They were free to go to sleep.

11. One of the tires of Karen's car is flat. The car is in no shape to be driven anywhere.

12. In simpler times, if a person needed a meal, he could simply ask a local farmer.

13. Martin read a favorable review of the new movie and bought tickets for the late show.

14. Martin's date read a favorable review of the new movie, and Martin bought tickets for the late show.

15. Helene received a phone call earlier in the evening. So she was prepared for the arrival of her parents.

16. A lot of rocks and sand were left by the flood. We spent most of the day in a vain attempt to clean the beach.

17. Harvey finally returned my ax last night. Its blade was badly damaged from hitting rocks.

18. Beth felt confident about taking the next test because he was thoroughly prepared.

19. Mitchell completed the last three chapters of the book and returned it to the library.

20. The last three chapters of the book were completed, and Mitchell returned the book to the library.

Exercise 4.3. Supply corresponding English participles where possible, state their form.

1. The conference (проходящая сейчас) at the University is devoted to problems of nuclear physics.

2. The flowers faded (так как их долгое время держали без воды).

3. The houses (строившиеся) many years ago are not as convenient as the modern ones.

4. The new methods (примененные) in the building of houses proved more effective.

5. The number of apartment houses (строящихся) for the population of Moscow is rapidly growing.

6. The people (ожидавшие вас) have just gone.

7. The people (ожидающие доктора) have been sitting here for a long time.

8. The sight of (накрываемого стола) made my mouth water.

9. The workers (строившие) this house used new construction methods.

10. These are the samples of products (посланных) last month.

11. These are the samples of products (посылавшихся) before the restoration of the plant.

12. They decided to abandon some of the methods (применявшихся) formerly in building.

13. They stood (у заправлявшейся машины) and watched the meter.

14. Unable to attend the conference (проходившую тогда) at the University, we asked to be sent the type-written reports.

15. They are now at a conference (которая проходит) at the University.

16. We took a trip in a motor-launch down the river and spent the whole day on the water, (приехав обратно) when it was dark.

17. What is the number of apartment houses (построенных) in the past few years?

Exercise 4.4. State whether the -ing-form is the gerund, the participle or the verbal noun. Give your reasons.

1. Now... you stop crying, like a good girl, and powder your nose and all that.

2. Strickland was indifferent to his surroundings, and he had lived in the other's studio without thinking of altering a thing.

3. Because of the skating she began to be easier as she walked... .

4. "Where is Ogilvy Street?" "Up the road, first turning to the left."

5. The poor woman lay quite still, refusing to speak, with her eyes intent, as though she watched for the coming of death.

6. And so absorbed was she in this pursuit that a knocking on the outer door did not penetrate to her consciousness.

7. The longing in his voice was very sad.

8. He discovered... one morning that an idea had come to him for making a series of water-colour drawings of London.

9. There was a great deal of excited coming and going.

10. Then there was a rattling of plates and cups.

11. He was interrupted in this task by the opening of the door, and looking up, was surprised to see his niece.

12. I mustn't keep you standing here for another instant.

13. Liza was able to make her own living by working at the factory.

14. Mr.Braddock greatly disliked being called brother, but he made no comment.

Exercise 4.5. Correct the sentences.

1. A new library card may be obtained by submitting a written request.

2. After finding two new sources, the quality of my term paper went up quite a bit.

3. After wrecking my car, two of my neighbors offered me rides to work.

4. Badly damaged in the accident, Mark had to have his car repaired.

5. Being a television announcer, it is expected that Alice will pronounce every word correctly.

6. Bumping into an old friend at the shopping mall, her name completely slipped my mind for a moment.

7. By buying this card, your baseball-card collection will have its value enhanced considerably.

8. By receiving a passing grade in algebra, Jensen's eligibility was restored.

9. Consistently undervalued in the auction market, the auto broker highly recommended a carefully restored 1936 Ford.

10. Covered with that sauce, your guests will be delighted with these tasty ribs.

11. Following the old river road, there should be no difficulty in finding the new marina.

12. Full of cracks and leaking badly, Dad filled the swimming pool with dirt and grew tomatoes in it.

13. Getting into the elevator together, John rode to the penthouse restaurant with Roberta.

14. Having moved to the edge of the cliff, a beautiful valley spread out below me.

15. Obviously pleased by our arrival, the dog's tail wagged rapidly.

16. Opening the front door of Aunt Martha's house, the smell of fresh bread fills the air.

17. Situated in a quiet residential neighborhood, the home buyer will appreciate this beautifully designed house.

18. The penguin surprises people, once in the water, with its grace as a swimmer.

19. To be accepted into the honor society, a 3.0 average must be obtained.

20. To call me at the office, my extension number must be punched in.

21. To make a proper selection, several options ought to be considered.

22. To paint the trim on that door, a small brush and a steady hand are needed.

23. Trying desperately to find a position acceptable to both sides, several compromises were offered by the committee members.

24. Watching from a distance, the soaring hawk was a beautiful sight.

25. When a boy of five, his aunt used to play chess with him.

26. When opened up suddenly, the popcorn often spills out of the package onto the floor.

27. When spending a quiet week at Sleepy Ranch, it is best to bring along several books.

28. While sitting on the deck late in the afternoon, two squirrels amused us with their tricks.

29. While working on that committee project, Jim's secretary called him to the phone.

30. Yesterday, while enjoying a brief afternoon nap, a lightning struck the corner of the house.

5. PARTICIPLES IN THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE AND DOCUMENTS

Single participles as attributes are sometimes placed after the modified word, especially when there are other modifiers present:

the substance obtained, the lightest element known

Exercise 5.1. Translate using the official style.

1. приложенное письмо

2. переведенные деньги

3. все заинтересованные лица

4. все рассматриваемые процессы

5. все источники, на которые ссылаются

6. все примененные методы

7. все полученные документы

8. все запрошенные каталоги

9. все отправленные товары

10. все назначенные должностные лица

11. все подтвержденные условия

12. количество проданного оборудования

13. количество погруженного металла

14. количество поставленных станков

15. количество установленных компьютеров

16. количество высланных документов

17. количество поврежденных станков

Intransitive verbs with prepositional objects are often used in the construction “Participle II + preposition”:

книга, о которой так много говорят à- the book so much spoken about

Exercise 5.2. Translate using the verbs in brackets.

1. статья, на которую ссылаются (to refer)

2. приводившиеся ранее цифры (to refer)

3. явления, объясняемые таким образом (to account)

4. условия, на которых настаивают (to insist)

5. цена, о которой договорились (to agree)

6. запрашиваемые каталоги (to ask)

7. предложение, по которому голосовали (to vote)

8. предложение, которое одобрили (to approve)

9. заключение, к которому пришли (to arrive)

10. ущерб, о котором выразили претензию (to complain)

11. прокомментированный пункт контракта (to comment)

12. оплаченные товары (to pay)

Remember some typical expressions used in participial phrases:

given all the necessary data если даны

seen in this context если рассматривать

even granted it might survive даже если допустить

stated in a simple form если сформулировать

once started будучи

unless otherwise indicated если не оговорено особо

unless specially specified - “ -

except where specially specified кроме тех случаев, когда

(as) compared with по сравнению

(as) contrasted with в противоположность

(as) opposed to - “ -

whenever amended каждый раз, когда

(when) exposed to будучи подвержен

as already mentioned как уже упоминалось

as emphasized above как подчеркивалось выше

put another way иначе говоря

broadly considered в широком смысле

Exercise 5.3. Translate using the official style.

1. Как уже упоминалось, сроком действия контракта, если это не оговорено особо, является период его выполнения.

2. По сравнению с рядовыми работниками менеджеры испытывают гораздо больший стресс, поскольку подвержены большему риску.

3. При наличии всей необходимой информации, мы могли бы уладить все разногласия.

4. Если рассматривать с точки зрения возможных расходов, проект можно сделать рентабельным, если снизить издержки на сырье.

5. При любом добавлении или изменении, контракт следует дополнять приложениями.

6. В противоположность мировым ценам на нефть, российские цены никогда не превышали средние показатели.

7. Будучи рассмотренным в широком смысле, вступление России в Парижский клуб является выгодным шагом.

Participial phrases may open the sentence with the verb TO BE as a link-verb. In this case the order of the main parts of the sentence - subject and predicate - is inverted.

Compare:

A little girl was sitting on the sofa. (participle is part of the verb form)

Sitting on the sofa was a little girl. (participle is used as predicative)

Sentences of the kind are usually translated starting with the adverbial modifier or object following the participle:

На диване сидела маленькая девочка.

Exercise 5.4. Translate using inversion.

1. Около полицейского участка были припаркованы несколько автомобилей.

2. Со стен светили несколько полупрогоревших свечей.

3. К письму приложены мои рекомендации.

4. В нижней части рисунка помещен график изменения цен.

5. На планке висели несколько маленьких маятников.

6. В эту таблицу будут включены цифры, полученные во время последних исследований.

7. Главное здание окружают несколько хозяйственных построек.

8. Несколькими хозяйственными постройками окружено главное здание.

9. За завтраком следовал утомительный разговор о погоде.

10. В новом выпуске журнала будут опубликованы несколько статей об экологии.

In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).

Exercise 5.4. Translate into Russian.

1. The beams, passing as they do through a narrow slit, are diffracted.

2. Giving as they did so much information about the behavior of planets, these experiments can be hardly overestimated.

3. Certain reactions such as rapid oxidation, occurring as it does only at high temperatures, may take place at very low temperatures in the organism.

4. Dalton, believing as he did that gas pressures arise from mutual repulsions of the molecules, took his law to mean that a molecule was only repelled by like molecules.

5. The Galaxy's integrated brightness, representing as it does the flux of optimal radiation from the approximately 200 billion stars in the system, corresponds to an absolute magnitude of about —19,5.

6. The explanation given is by no means exhaustive, ignoring as it does the social factor.

6. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PARTICIPLES

Complex Subject

1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always TO-infinitive)

a) with verbs in active voice: seem, appear, happen, prove, turn out (to do smth.)

b) with adjectives: be likely / sure / certain (to do smth.)

c) with verbs in passive voice:

sense perception: be seen, noticed, heard, etc. (to do smth.)

mental activity: be thought, considered, known, supposed, expected, believed, etc. (to do / have done smth.)

restatement: be said, reported, announced, etc. (to do / have done smth.)

compulsion: be made, forced, caused, advised, etc. (to do smth.)

2. Nominative with the Participle

a) with active participles: be seen, heard, found, left, caught, reported, etc.(doing smth.)

b) with passive participles: be seen, heard, found, considered, left, etc.(done)

c) with AS: be accepted, explained, understood, etc. AS (doing / done)

NB! was heard to shut (a completed action)

was heard shutting (a simultaneous process)

was left to study (purpose)

was left studying (when doing what)

3. Other

be considered, named, elected, found, left (President, guilty, etc.)

Exercise 6.1. Find and analyze subjects.

1. From time to time they were seen dancing in some hot spot or other.

2. It was bound to happen one of these days.

3. She was appointed secretary to the head of the department.

4. She was left penniless after her father's death.

5. The car was found later slightly damaged.

6. The matter was considered closed.

7. The plan was generally believed to have been stolen.

8. The safe was supposed to have been left open by negligence.

9. They were heard discussing something in whisper on the landing.

10. With so many people concerned at least some information was bound to leak out.

Exercise 6.2. Choose between the infinitive and the participle to use it as subjective predicative.

1. He has never been known . .. his temper at rehearsals. (to lose)

2. He was left . . . a couple of hours. (to sleep)

3. He was understood ... the new teacher. (to be)

4. Her brother was reported . . . alive in Europe. (to be)

5. His book was found . .. a fine piece of writing. (to be)

6. I don't see how anyone can be expected . .. a case like this. (to tackle)

7. I was made . . . at the gate. (to stand)

8. In your story he is shown . .. a lot for other people. (to do)

9. She may have found the note because she was seen . . . through the book. (to look)

10. When the car was heard ... the people fled anywhere to avoid the police. (to approach)

Exercise 6.3. Translate using infinitives or participles as complex subjects.

1. “Я имел обыкновение украдкой уходить из дома вечером, - сказал он, - когда предполагалось, что я занимаюсь, и отправлялся в церковь играть на органе.” (to suppose)

2. Было известно, что он пишет книгу о нравах. (to know)

3. Девочке велели разлить в чашки чай. (to tell)

4. Ему посоветовали не рассказывать им историю своей жизни. (to advise)

5. На этот раз меня попросили зайти к нему домой. (to ask)

6. Полагают, что он глубоко привязан к своей семье. (to believe).

7. Слышали, как несколько минут тому назад они спорили на террасе. (to hear)

8. Слышали, как посетитель в разговоре с моим отцом упомянул какой-то несчастный случай. (to hear)

9. Сообщили, что он изменил свое решение. (to report)

10. Через окно можно было видеть, что водитель ждет у машины. (to see)

Complex Object

1. Accusative with the Infinitive

bare infinitive: see, hear, feel, know (=see), watch, observe, etc. (smb.

do smth.)

let, make, have (=make), help (smb. do smth.)

TO-infinitive: know (=be aware), believe, consider, find ...

pronounce, declare, report ...

want, wish, desire, like, hate ...

order, allow, cause, get ... (smb. to do smth.)

2. Accusative with the Participle

participle I see, hear, feel, catch, find, imagine, leave, keep (smb.

doing smth.)

participle II consider, want, wish, desire (smth. done)

with AS accept, explain, speak of, think of, understand (smb. AS

doing / done)

have (get) smth. done

3. Accusative with the Predicative Elements (adj., nouns)

I find it impossible (to argue with him).

They elected him President.

4. Constructions with Gerunds and Infinitives

She didn’t mind my saying so. (direct object)

I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)

Exercise 6.4. Find and analyze complex objects.

1. And then I thought I felt the dolphin stir against me. I felt the big muscles flex under his skin, a slow ripple of strength run along the powerful back.

2. Godfrey found them taking tea in a seaside cafe.

3. Have him see Clyde, if he can,

4. He had believed Fleur honest.

5. He saw a white flag flying from the window of John Barker's store.

6. He'd better wait for me to go.

7. I don't want it said that I can't manage my own children.

8. I heard my sister called a beauty.

9. I left them playing chess on the terrace.

10. I remember your saying so at the time.

11. I simply longed for somebody to notice me.

12. No one had seen the mirror broken.

13. Oh, my dear! Of course I did not mean for you to be taken so far out of your way and all for nothing.

14. She was anxious for us to look our best.

15. Some people consider her pretty.

16. We left them making plans for a June wedding.

17. We voted her the most likely to succeed this year.

Exercise 6.5. Choose between the infinitive and the participle to use it as objective predicative.

1. "Why do you always have him . . . around?" "He likes it." (to hang)

2. After supper Willy switched on the wireless and John left him . . . round the drawing-room to the sound of Mozart's piano concerto in Ñ minor. (to dance)

3. Although he was very tired he made himself . .. up and ... into the bedroom. (to stand, to move)

4. He ordered a bottle of beer and some cheese . . . up to his room. (to send)

5. I can imagine people not . .. him. (to like)

6. I don't like girls . .. . It takes away the fragrance of youth. (to smoke)

7. I heard Arthur... a slight noise which may have been a sigh or a chuckle. (to make)

8. My will was weakened. I wanted someone . .. on. (to lean)

9. There was a lot of noise all around now, and amongst it you could hear a plane ... unusually low. (to fly)

10. We stood for a while watching a man . . . an Alsatian puppy. (to train)

Exercise 6.6. Translate the following into English using infinitives or participles.

1. Было легко представить себе сидящую молча Кэт. (to imagine)

2. Джон не мог заставить себя вернуться в Лондон. (to bring oneself)

3. Джон не хотел оказаться играющим роль учителя. (to find)

4. Когда я уходил, они разговаривали о политике. (to leave)

5. Мне известно, что он приезжал к ним несколько раз в этом году. (to know)

6. Он зажег себе сигару и постарался расслабиться, как вдруг он услышал, как открывается входная дверь. (to hear)

7. Он наблюдал, как люди торопились к поездам. (to watch)

8. Он нашел Фокса разговаривающим в кухне. (to find)

9. Он нашел, что братья были очень знающими деловыми людьми. (to find)

10. Позже она услышала, как вверх по лестнице носили багаж. (to hear)

11. Я оставил их, чтобы они все обговорили. (to leave)

12. Я чувствовал, что пора позвать доктора.

Exercise 6.7. Transform complex subjects into complex objects.

1. The child was found playing in the garden.

2. The baby was named Tim.

3. The plan was generally believed to have been stolen.

4. She was left penniless after her father’s death.

5. They were heard discussing something in whisper.

6. The matter was considered closed.

7. The car was found later slightly damaged.

8. From time to time they were seen dancing in some hot spot or other.

9. She was appointed secretary to the department head.

10. He was made to do it on time.

Exercise 6.8. Transform complex objects into complex subjects.

1. We left them making plans for the wedding.

2. He saw a white flag flying from the window.

3. They nominated Harry the board director.

4. He found them taking tea in a seaside cafe.

5. I noticed the big muscles flexing under his skin.

6. We believed Fleur to be honest.

7. Some people consider her pretty.

8. They made us vote for a democrat.

9. We found it useful to attend the seminar.

10. They announced it desirable to participate on the task force.

Exercise 6.9. Find, analyze and translate constructions with participles.

1. "Have you ever seen it done?" "Yes," I said, "I had once seen it done."

2. "I suppose things rarely do change no matter how much we want them to." "I suppose it depends on the thing we want changed."

3. "Now, Mary Jane," said Aunt Kate, "don't annoy Mr. D'Arcy. I won't have him annoyed."

4. Although they could not say it, my old friends wanted me gone so that I could take my proper place in the pattern of remembrance - and I wanted to go for the same reason.

5. As Alice was getting quite exhausted, they stopped, and she found herself sitting on the ground breathless and giddy.

6. As the gentleman advanced into the light, I saw that he was some years older than when he had had his picture painted.

7. There are some things I want to help get done.

8. These very important details were found missing from a later description of the manuscripts.

9. What freedom to negotiate can there be when all houses of the same type are having their rents increased?

10. But Hallward had seen him. Dorian heard him first stopping on the pavement and then hurrying after him.

Exercise 6.10. Translate using Complex Subject.

1. Эксперимент оказался неудачным.

2. Около 11 часов мать случайно заглянула к ней в комнату.

3. Вчера мы случайно наткнулись на моего школьного приятеля.

4. Они, по-видимому, уже совершенно забыли его.

5. Он несомненно женится на ней.

6. Полагают, что эта рукопись написана в 15-м веке.

7. Этот скандал бесспорно вызовет панику на бирже.

8. Говорят, что золотистые волосы свидетельствуют о слабости характера.

9. Известно, что молодые люди без состояния часто находят богатых подружек.

10. Он вряд ли окончит свою работу в этом году.

11. Видно было, как всадник исчезал вдали.

12. Его заставили встать, одеться и следовать за полицией, которая вряд ли собиралась быстро отпустить его.

7. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH PARTICIPLES (Cont’d)

Exercise 7.1. Analyze and translate constructions with participles; read the dialog.

Nora: It’s Peter's birthday the day after tomorrow. I've had a new suit made for him to wear at his party.

Harry: Are we going to have a lot of his friends here?

Nora: Oh, yes, didn't I tell you?

Harry: Are you going to cook all the cakes yourself?

Nora: Some of them. And the rest I shall have done by a shop. That reminds me, I must get the carpets beaten before the party.

Robert: And Dad, will you have the stereo mended by Friday?

Harry: Well, why don't you have it mended yourself, Robert? Didn't you have it mended last time it broke?

Nora: What do you want the stereo for on Friday?

Robert: We’ll have to use it for the dancing.

Harry: What, dancing half the night? Then I see what I’ll have to do!

Nora: What's that, Harry?

Harry: (jokingly) I must have a bed made up for me at the club, and spend the night there.

(From Meet the Parkers)

Absolute Constructions

1. Absolute participial constructions:

nominative

The door of the vacant room being open, we looked in.

prepositional (after with)

She sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground.

2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):

nominative

There he stood, his heart full of strange emotions.

prepositional (after with)

I found him ready, with his stick in his hand.

Cf. :

Breakfast being over, he couldn’t think of anything to do. (AM of cause)

Breakfast over, he went to his office. (AM of time / att.circumst.)

NB! Personal pronouns are almost never used as subjects

in absolute constructions.

Exercise 7.2. Point out nominative absolute participial constructions in the following sentences and define their functions.

1. The Strand, it being the hour when the theaters began to empty themselves, was a roaring torrent of humanity and vehicles...

2. She looked at me, her eyes widening.

3. Liza and Tom and the Blakestones had got a seat together, Liza being between the two men.

4. The complication which the doctor had feared having ensued, recovery was impossible.

5. "You're worse than Claire," said Ray, her eyes ceasing to glitter.

6. He glared at Tom with outrage, his eyes glittering with excitement.

7. She said it in a low voice, a spasm of pain crossing her face.

8. And in the evening after the high tea which was their last meal, they sat in the stiff parlor, the ladies working and Dr.Macphail smoking his pipe, the missionary told them of his work in the island.

9. Then his face lightening, he ran to the desk.

10. Dinner began in silence; the women facing one another and the man.

11. Supper finished, he led them into the parlor...

12. In the house, the lamp lighted, Saxon looked at the coin.

Exercise 7.3. Recast the following sentences so as to use the nominative absolute participial construction.

1. When a fortnight of his notice to Mrs.Grant had expired Mike really began to worry.

2. The rain showed no sign of stopping, and at length with umbrellas and waterproofs they set out.

3. When the door bell rang, Lesley rose and left the room.

4. Now that the examination was so close at hand, a queer calmness had settled upon him.

5. His brain was inactive, almost dull. He felt that he knew nothing.

6. Now that the moment had come he found it difficult to speak.

7. After Oscar had gone, Liza stood for a moment in the hall.

8. When Julia and Simmy had decided to try their luck in London, Jimmie Field had written to his aunt asking her to do what she could for them.

9. When the massage was finished Evie brought Julia a cup of tea.

10. After she had gone he got to thinking the matter over.

Exercise 7.4. Recast the following sentences so as to use constructions with the participle wherever possible.

1. After I had left them I walked up and down the road outside.

2. When I got to his house I stood outside for I don't know how long... .

3. Mr. Cook chuckled as he recalled the scene they had played.

4. Well, Miss Beets didn't want it, so she gave it to me along with other odds and ends, that had belonged to the mistress.

5. Donald turned his whole attention to the menu. When he had ordered he leaned back in his chair... .

6. He pulled a letter from his pocket - the letter he had received this morning.

7. Of course, as she has lived here practically all her life, she knows everything about this place.

8. The waiter brought us two cups of a doubtful fluid which was called coffee.

9. Miss Bentley walked home, and her dog trotted at her heels.

10. His guests left early and Mr. Benson lay down in a long rotten chair.

11. Charles spoke with a twinkle in his eyes as though he saw what was at the back of the doctor's simple question...

12. But when she went to bed she could not sleep.

13. The great white pigeons that roosted in their branches were asleep, and the only sound that broke the silence was when one of them for some reason rustled its wings.

14. When dinner was finished, Dolly went up to Sam and put her hand on his shoulder.

15. She stayed still, watching with a singular calm the men who advanced towards her.

Exercise 7.5. Translate into English, using participial constructions (to be submitted in writing).

1. Была тихая летняя ночь. Мы сидели в саду и наблюдали, как луна медленно поднимается из-за деревьев.

2. Мы услышали, что кто-то поет вдали.

3. В детстве я часто слышал, как моя мать пела эту песню.

4. Мы увидели, что по дорожке сада идет сын нашего соседа.

5. Мы не видели его уже много лет, но часто слышали, как его имя упоминалось в доме его родителей. Мы не раз слышали, как его мать говорила о нем и его работе.

1. Полчаса спустя Лаврецкий стоял уже перед калиткой сада. Он нашел ее запертою и принужден был перепрыгнуть через забор. (Тургенев)

2. Слышно было, как он быстро встал... (Л. Толстой)

3. Подходя к церкви, увидел он, что народ уже расходился. (Пушкин)

4. Я видел, как вы садились на пароход. (А. Толстой)

5. Видно было, как по переулку подбегали люди. (А. Толстой)

1. Я переделала свое зимнее пальто.

2. Когда вы, наконец, настроите свой рояль? Он совсем расстроен.

3. Я не починил вчера часы, так как мастерские были закрыты.

4. Когда вы оклеили комнату?

5. Вам уже побелили потолок?

6. Где вы снимались?

7. Вам следует переплести свои книги

8. Где вы делали себе это платье?

9. Я выкрасила свое платье, и теперь оно совсем как новое (выглядит совсем новым).

10. Где вы починили велосипед?

1. Так как было очень тепло, дети спали на открытом воздухе.

2. Когда все приготовления были закончены, они отправились в поход.

3. Корабль медленно плыл вдоль берегов Белого моря; сотни птиц кружились над ним.

4. Было очень темно, так как на небе не было ни одной звездочки.

5. Когда солнце село, туристы развели костер.

6. Когда торжественное заседание окончилось, начался концерт.

1. Вулич молча вышел в спальню майора, мы за ним последовали. (Лермонтов)

2. Меня лечил полковый цырюльник, ибо в крепости другого лекаря не было. (Пушкин)

3. Тут Иван Кузмич оборотился к нам, и все его внимание устремилось на неприятеля. (Пушкин)

4. Час спустя Павел Петрович уже лежал в постели с искусно забинтованной ногой. (Тургенев)

5. Я лежал на диване, уставив глаза в потолок, когда Вернер вошел в мою комнату. (Лермонтов)

6. Оглянешься на Карла Ивановича, а он сидит себе с книгой в руке и как будто ничего не замечает. (Л. Толстой)

Exercise 7.6. Analyze and translate constructions with participles; learn the dialog.

Nora: Good afternoon, Mrs. Wood. You are looking pleased. Have you found out who took your missing spoons?

Mrs. Wood: Yes, it's really very funny, I must tell you. Of course, I've been awfully nervous since yesterday, my husband being away and there being nobody else in the house. And then coming back from shopping this afternoon I found the back gate open and suspicious noises coming from the house!

Nora: Goodness!

Mrs. Wood: Thinking that if I went for help the fellow would get away, I decided to catch him myself.

Nora: How very brave of you!

Mrs. Wood: And then, looking in through the kitchen window what should I see but -

Nora: A man?

Mrs. Wood: No - a monkey!

Nora: A monkey?

Mrs. Wood: Yes, a monkey, sitting on my kitchen table, and taking all my knives and forks out of the table drawer.

Nora: Wherever had it come from?

Mrs. Wood: I just couldn't think at first. And then I suddenly remembered that the house at the end of the road has just been taken over by an old sailor who has all sorts of strange pets.

Nora: I know - Mr. Benbow. So the monkey sitting on the table was his. What extraordinary creature - taking your spoons one day and coming back for your knives and forks the next! Did you manage to catch him?

Mrs. Wood: I couldn't catch him myself, but I fetched Mr. Benbow and he soon did it.

Nora: And did you discover what the monkey had done with your spoons?

Mrs. Wood: Yes, we found them hidden at the end of our own garden!

Nora: How very funny! With the police hunting everywhere for a criminal too. Still, 'All's well that ends well!'

(From Meet the Parkers)

8. PARTICIPLES: REVIEW

Exercise 8.1. Translate underlined participles, replace them with sentences.

1. Vegetables grown in hot-houses are not so rich in color and taste as vegetables growing in natural surroundings.

2. I could hardly recognize in this self-possessed man grown to maturity the hot-headed youngster I had once known.

3. His eyes had the eager and expectant look of a man returning home after a long absence.

4. He had the happy and elated look of a man just returned home after a long absence.

5. A great many people are ever grateful to the surgeon for the power of seeing returned them by his skillful hands.

6. Beneath the trees lay a thick carpet of fallen leaves turned yellow, red and brown.

7. She left the stew on the gas turned low.

8. Changed into his uniform, he looked younger and slimmer.

9. We came nearer to listen to the guide explaining something to the people grouped at the picture.

10. I have never seen him at the club before; he must be a member recently joined.

Exercise 8.2. Use Participle II instead of Participle I where possible.

1. Having been wounded in the leg, he limped a little.

2. Being badly wounded, he recovered slowly.

3. The boy was wearing a cap similar to those being worn by other jockeys at the stables.

4. The importance of the experiment being made is that it may lead to a discovery of great consequence.

5. Having arrived in a big sea port, I started to look for a job.

6. By this time, having acclimated himself to the atmosphere of the new place, he no longer felt a stranger.

7. Having slept two hours, I felt refreshed and rested.

8. Having been once found on the beach, the stone served now as a paper-weight and was one of the table's decorations.

9. Being sung by the voice of this unseen girl, the strain brought back to me long forgotten memories.

10. Having completed all our preparations, we hired a cab and hurried off.

11. Being completed, the parts were transported to the assembly shop.

12. When the young people, having returned from their day's outing, came into the dining-room, they found dinner ready and served.

13. Not having been approved of by an overwhelming majority of the members of the committee, the proposal was turned down.

14. Never having experienced such difficulties, he was at a loss.

15. Rain is very rare in our parts, but having once begun, it won't stop for days on end.

Exercise 8.3. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the appropriate form of the participle wherever possible.

1. She stayed (to lock) in her room, (to refuse) to come downstairs.

2. He had a good practical knowledge of the language, (to work) as an interpreter for many years.

3. The boys on the fence looked like swallows (to perch) on a telegraph wire.

4. They went out as they had come, (to see) and (to see) by no one on their way.

5. "I like it here," she said, (to seat) herself at the table nearest to the window.

6. He looked so beautiful and peaceful, (to sit) in that chair under the tree.

7. He looked at the scene (to shake) to the depth of his heart.

8. The boy came out of the water, all blue and (to shake) from head to foot.

9. (To plunge) headlong into that enterprise, he was now desperately looking for a way out of it.

10. (To plunge) in thought, he did not seem to notice what was going on around him.

11. (To arrive) at the airport where he was to change, he had to wait for three hours for the connection.

12. (To arrive) in the town about twenty years before, he had succeeded thereafter beyond his wildest expectations.

13. He introduced me to a friend of his, recently (to arrive) after a cruise round Europe.

14. (To support) by her elbow, Mary listened to their talk.

15. (To support) her by his arm, he helped her out of the carriage.

16. The girl was fascinated by the dark surface of the water (to reflect) the cold lanterns of stars.

17. The young foliage of the trees, (to reflect) in the river, looked like shimmering lace.

18. I saw the figure of an old woman (to come) towards me.

19. He was like an invalid newly (to come) after a long illness.

20. My brother is a soldier just (to come) back home on leave.

21. He retired (to leave) the laboratory in the hands of a talented successor.

22. He retired (to turn) the laboratory into a big research center.

23. (To do) with their meal, they went for a stroll in the park.

24. (To finish) their meal, they went for a stroll in the park.

25. (To return) home and (to see) his parents worried he asked what the matter was.

26. (To dine) and (to puff) leisurely at their cigars, the men were engaged in a desultory conversation.

27. (To look) through the paper and (to okay) it, he gave it to the secretary to be typed.

28. (To beat), (to despair), (to labor) in vain for half an hour, he still persisted in one last effort, (to try) to get breath into the limp body of the drowned man.

29. He recoiled as if (to expect) a blow.

30. The room had a musty smell as though (not to live) in for quite a time.

31. My father hates being disturbed when (to engage) in some kind of work.

32. He always keeps a diary while (to travel).

Exercise 8.4. Translate into English using participles.

(A) Based on an episode from The Pickwlck Papers by Ch. Dickens.

1. Джентльмена, пригласившего мистера Пиквика и его друзей, звали мистер Уордль.

2. Разбуженный ярким утренним солнцем, мистер Пиквик встал очень рано.

3. Он подошел к окну, выходившему в сад (to overlook the garden).

4. Мистер Пиквик увидел, что в саду стоит мистер Уордль с ружьем в руке.

5. Дожидаясь мистера Пиквика и его друзей, мистер Уордль тщательно осмотрел ружье.

6. Когда все приготовления были закончены, друзья отправились в лес.

7. Зарядив ружье, мистер Уинкль выстрелил (to fire).

8. Так как мистеру Тапмену было сказано стоять у дерева, заряд попал ему в руку (the charge hit his arm).

9. Мистер Уинкль подбежал к мистеру Тапмену, лежавшему на земле с закрытыми глазами.

10. Рана мистера Тапмена не была серьезной, так как ружье было заряжено дробью (small shot).

11. Мистер Тапмен медленно шел домой, поддерживаемый всеми своими друзьями.

12. Увидев мистера Тапмена с перевязанной рукой, мисс Рейчел лишилась чувств.

(B) Based on an episode from David Copperfield by Ch. Dickens.

1. Окруженный грубыми и жестокими людьми, Давид очень страдал и, наконец, решил бежать к своей тетушке, жившей в Дувре (Dover).

2. Выйдя из дома, Давид увидел, что на улице стоит долговязый парень с маленькой тележкой, запряженной ослом (donkey-cart).

3. Схватив чемодан и деньги Давида, долговязый парень вскочил в тележку и поехал с такой быстротой, что Давид не мог его догнать.

4. Когда Давид шел в Дувр, он часто думал о своей матери и о том, что она ему рассказывала о мисс Бетси.

5. Оставшись без денег (penniless), он очень страдал от голода и холода.

6. Он провел ночь у ограды, окружавшей Салемскую школу (Salem House).

7. Когда он пришел, наконец, в Дувр, он спросил у рыбака, где живет мисс Бетси Тротвуд..

8. Дрожа от страха и усталости, Давид подошел к хорошенькому домику, окруженному садом.

9. Увидев грязного, одетого в лохмотья мальчика, мисс Бетси велела ему уйти из ее сада.

10. Подойдя к ней, Давид робко сказал, что он сын ее умершего племянника.

11. Услышав эти слова, мисс Бетси посмотрела на него с величайшим изумлением да так и присела на дорожку.

12. Рассказав ей свою печальную историю, Давид не выдержал и разразился слезами.

1. Генерал ходил взад и вперед по комнате, куря свою трубку. (Пушкин)

2. Денисова отвели в приготовленную для него комнату... (Л. Толстой)

3. Старик, сидевший с ним, уже давно ушел домой. (Л. Толстой)

4. Все жители находились тут же, ожидая самозванца (the Pretender). (Пушкин)

5. И он посмотрел кругом, как бы желая понять, как можно не сочувствовать природе (to have no feeling for nature). (Тургенев)

6. Анна Сергеевна стояла к нему спиной. Услышав шаги, она тихонько обернулась. (Тургенев)

7. Однажды Базаров, гуляя с ней по саду, внезапно промолвил угрюмым голосом, что намерен скоро уехать в деревню, к отцу (to his father's place). (Тургенев)

8. Базаров обернулся и увидел бледное лицо Николая Петровича, сидевшего на дрожках (droshky). (Тургенев)

9. Обед, хотя наскоро сготовленный, вышел очень хороший, даже обильный... (lavish) (Тургенев)

10. Кити заметила, что, расспрашивая про её родных, мадам Шталь улыбнулась презрительно (scornfully). (Л. Толстой)

11. Оставшись один с Марьей Николаевной, Левин обратился к ней. (Л. Толстой)

12. Увидав мужа, Долли опустила руки в ящик стола, будто отыскивая что-то... (Л. Толстой)

13. Вронский внимательно слушал Левина..., очевидно интересуясь его словами. (Л. Толстой)

14. Анна, взглянув вниз, узнала тотчас же Вронского. (Л. Толстой)

15. Прочтя письмо, он поднял на нее глаза. (Л. Толстой)

16. Наконец, как бы сделав усилие над собой, она поднялась и оттолкнула его. (Л. Толстой)

17. Вронский приказал подбежавшему к нему из второго класса немцу взять вещи и ехать, а сам подошел к ней. (Л. Толстой)

18. И мать, сопутствуемая доктором, вошла в гостиную к Кити. (Л. Толстой)

19. Войдя в маленький кабинет Кити, Долли вспомнила, как убирали (to decorate) они вместе эту комнатку. (Л. Толстой)

20. И покрытое слезами милое лицо спряталось в юбке платья Дарьи Александровны. (Л. Толстой)

21. У Долли похолодело (turned cold) сердце, когда она увидела Кити, сидевшую на низеньком стуле и устремившую неподвижные глаза на угол ковра. (Л. Толстой)

22. Часто, читая вслух, когда он доходил до патетического места, голос его начинал дрожать. (Л. Толстой)

9. INFINITIVE: Functions, Bare Infinitive

Exercise 9.1. Define the functions of underlined infinitives and translate the sentences.

1. To go on like this was dangerous.

2. Even to think of it gave him unbearable torture.

3. It’s useless to discuss this question.

4. It couldn’t do any harm to take her out of town.

5. It’s so kind of you to come.

6. Little Abraham was made to put on his clothes.

7. This fire is certain to produce a panic in the morning.

8. By 11 o’clock her mother had chanced to look into her room.

9. Why lose your temper over a little thing like that?

10. Why not apologize if you know you’re wrong?

11. Me - write?! No!

12. Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night.

13. All I want to do is help you.

14. The most he could do at the moment was to give me a cigarette.

15. The dwelling of Mrs.Betty was not easy to find.

16. Is she nice to work with?

17. His story is impossible to disprove.

18. We must not leave him by himself any longer.

19. The train was to leave at midnight.

20. I intend to lead a better life in the future.

21. Imprisonment began to tell upon him.

22. Before daylight it started to drizzle.

23. Clare continued to observe her.

24. They gradually ceased to talk.

25. Leila had learned to dance at boarding school.

26. I pretended not to be listening.

27. She claims to have read his diary.

28. Can you afford to go on such an expensive trip?

29. Who taught you to read and write?

30. The next day she made up her mind to buy a copy of his article.

· He asked me to walk in.

· He wanted me to walk in.

· He ordered me to walk in. (?)

31. I am curious to know the news.

32. Dinner was ready to be served.

33. I am sorry to have done you harm.

· She is likely to come soon.

· She is nice to talk to. (+pleasant, hard, difficult, impossible)

· She is glad to meet you.

34. I’ve never known him act this way before.

35. I arranged with the maiden to make my coffee in the morning.

36. You’ll find this new method to be of interest.

37. I found it necessary to tell him that I’d been in touch with her.

38. I thought it impolite to smoke.

39. He felt it natural to accept their hospitality.

40. I haven’t had time to examine this room yet.

41. I’ve got a lot to be thankful for.

42. He wasn’t an easy one to persuade.

43. There must be a lot of things in this world to make you very happy.

· He had no one to look after him.

· There was nothing to worry about. (OR: to be worried about)

· He had an impulse to run away.

44. To pacify her, I held the window ajar a few seconds.

45. I was silent for a moment in order to give greater force to my next remark.

46. We had gone into the middle of the park so as not to be overheard.

47. His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interest.

48. His eyes were too weak to look after his own interest.

49. He was so feeble-minded as to be unable to work.

50. He is such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence others.

51. Would you be so kind as to help me with this problem.

52. He had only to open the door to find them waiting for him.

53. I am sorry to have raised your expectations, only to disappoint you.

54. She nervously moved her hand as if to stop him.

55. She was more anxious to listen to the troubles of others than to discuss hers.

56. I’ve got more important things to do than look at the sea.

57. He returned ten minutes later to find Bridget ready for departure.

58. The sun came out again to brighten the last spatter of rain.

59. The motor started again, only to stop again in a moment.

60. Alice arrived just in time to hear Tom’s remark.

· Terribly depressed, he walked out one day never to return.

· He walked out one day to buy a fresh newspaper.

· He walked out one day, to be heard of three years later.

· Finally, he walked out one day to meet his sister. (?)

61. He had never gone into this room except to take cigars.

62. There was nothing to do but escape.

63. To hear him talk, you would think he was a celebrity.

64. Well, to cut a long story short, they decided to live at the villa.

65. He was rude, to say the least of it.

Bare infinitive:

1. After auxiliary and modal verbs

dare, need can be used either as modals or as regular verbs

2. In complex objects, after verbs of sense perception and compulsion

see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, have never known (smb. do sth.)

BUT: I felt this to be true. (feel + to be)

let, make, have (won’t have =не допущу), help (smb. do sth.)

3. After expressions had better, would rather (sooner)

You’d better do it. I’d rather not do it. (BUT: I’d rather you did it.)

4. As predicate after why, how

Why (not) do it? How do it?

5. (alternative) After but (=except), than, help, as predicative after all, the most / least

can’t but, can’t choose but, nothing to do but, better than (do sth.)

He helped me do it. He helped do it.

All (the most, the least) I can do is do it.

Exercise 9.2. Insert TO before the infinitive where necessary.

1. "Or would you rather _____ have tea?" Vigot asked.

2. Bertha wanted _____ ask if it wasn't rather dangerous _____ let the baby _____ clutch at a strange dog's ear.

3. But he did not let the last thread of his consciousness _____ go.

4. Ferse was at the window watching the girls _____ start the car.

5. He felt the plane _____ shake.

6. He heard her _____ go into Mrs. Davidson's room.

7. He looked up as if _____ take aim with that introductory shot.

8. He offered the old woman _____ help her _____ carry a heavy bag.

9. He saw himself _____ leap up, _____ seize the other by the throat, then _____ shake him.

10. I don’t know my mother _____ give an opinion on any matter without first appealing to God.

11. I feel it _____ be right.

12. I want to help _____ dry them.

13. Lady Crawley is made _____ put on the brightest pea-green in her wardrobe.

14. Mr. Creakle was seen _____ speak, and Tungay was heard _____ discuss it, too.

15. Nella saw her mother _____ call a closed carriage.

16. Rebecca sang well to the wonder of Amelia, who had never known her _____ perform so well.

17. She and Val would love Jon _____ live with them.

18. She does nothing but _____ make scenes from morning till night.

19. She is always heard _____ sing while she is working.

20. So! They were talking of Wilfrid. How _____ find out why.

21. The boy had nothing to do but _____ watch the sheep, and _____ think.

22. We had better _____ take the large trunk, then, Madame.

23. Well, sir, I'd much rather _____ have held my tongue.

Exercise 9.3. Insert the appropriate form of the infinitive, define the functions.

1. A twelve year old girl was the first __ his attention or __ by him. (to attract, to attract)

2. The Murdstone and Grinby life became so strange to me that I hardly believed in it, while my present life grew so familiar, that I seemed __ it a long time. (to lead)

3. But there was nothing now __ for. (to wait)

4. Dave seemed __ Stephanie, waiting for her to make the first move. (to watch)

5. Every feature seemed __ since he saw her last. (to sharpen)

6. For the last few days she seemed __ to nobody but strange men. (to talk)

7. It’s been wonderful having someone __. (to help)

8. He appeared __ plenty of money, which was said __ in the Californian goldfields. (to have, to gain)

9. He appeared __. (to listen)

10. I haven’t finished yet: there’s still a lot of things __. (to finish)

11. He is said __ a small fortune, (to put away)

12. I lack the will-power __ anything with my life, __ my position by hard work. (to do, to better)

13. I suppose Mr. Jelleby had been more talkative and lively once; but he seemed __ long before I knew him. (to exhaust)

14. Andrew was the third __. (to interview)

15. Nobody seemed __ his entry, but there he certainly was. (to perceive)

16. There was nothing __ or __, not even a barking dog, and I had nobody __ to. (to see, to hear, to talk)

17. Paula would be the first concentration camp __ by American troops, (to liberate)

18. He was a youngish Conservative member who was beginning __ about, (to talk)

19. She put on the cape, and turned round __.(to admire)

20. Remember, Roger is a man __. (to watch)

21. That Jolyon seems __in 1710, son of Jolyon and Mary. (to be born)

22. The house appeared __ recently... (to repair)

23. There's no time __. (to lose)

24. There’s nothing __ by pretending. (to gain)

25. This fellow seemed __ a famous explorer or something of that sort. (to be)

26. When I seemed __ a long while, the Master of Salem House unscrewed his flute into the three pieces, put them up as before, and took me away. (to doze)

27. Whenever there is any packing __, my wife doesn’t feel well. (to do)

28. Willoughby was not the man __ the lessons of his predecessor. (to overlook)

Exercise 9.4. State the function of the underlined infinitive. Translate into Russian.

1. A man must have something bigger than himself to believe in.

2. It was impossible not to invite the Butlers for both afternoon and evening.

3. The heat and dust were enough to strangle you.

4. The next thing to be done is to move away from this house.

5. All the deep maternity in her awoke, never to sleep again.

6. Nobody asked you to come out here. I didn't ask you to stay. I told you to go while it was daylight.

7. It was too hot to go out into the town.

8. To consent to this sale would be to consent to change the character of the newspaper altogether.

9. The floor of the forest was soft to walk on.

10. He was a man to attract immediate sympathy.

11. Other people, men particularly, found it difficult to face Cowperwood's glazed stare.

12. It must be awful to have a brilliant future behind you.

13. He found the sky so pallid as to be almost invisible.

14. When he met her at the station, she came to him with a joyous expression of anticipation to find his troubled silence.

15. She's a spoiled child not to be trusted.

16. His age was difficult to guess.

17. I awoke a little after sunrise to find Evan gone.

18. I had many hours still to wait through. To while away the time, I looked at my letters.

19. To begin with, Mrs. Anderson is a pleasanter person to live with than Mrs. Dudgeon.

10. INFINITIVE: Constructions and phrases

The FOR-TO-Infinitive Construction (FOR-phrase)

· He waited for her to come. (she will come)

· He waited for her to go shopping together. (he will go)

· He waited for her to sit down. (she will sit OR he will sit?)

Exercise 10.1. Find FOR-phrases and define their functions.

1. It was unusual for a woman to be seen smoking.

2. I have arranged for you to have a private room.

3. He did not mean for you to stay.

4. He was waiting for the article to be published.

5. He was waiting for the article to show it to his boss.

6. The children longed for school to be over.

7. The children longed for holidays to go to the seaside.

8. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth.

9. He thinks it best for you to stay here.

10. There’s nothing else for me to say.

11. It’s not the right time for us to speak about it.

12. There was no home for him to go to.

13. He stood aside for us to pass in.

14. The rain can last long enough for us to miss the train.

15. The material is too difficult for them to make head or tail of it.

It is HARD / EASY / GOOD / BAD / IMPOSSIBLE / NOT for smb. to do smth.

BUT: It is NICE / KIND / SENSIBLE / SILLY / STUPID / TACTLESS of smb...

Exercise 10.2. Translate using FOR-phrases and define their functions.

1. Первое, что мы должны сделать - это заказать билеты.

2. Вопрос был слишком неожиданным, чтобы я мог на него ответить.

3. Я подчеркнул эти предложения, чтобы вы проанализировали их.

4. Он попросил принести бумагу и перо.

5. Этот текст достаточно легкий, чтобы вы могли прочитать его без словаря.

6. Мне очень хочется, чтобы вы поступили в университет.

7. Ему ничего не оставалось делать, как немедленно уехать.

8. Сделать это должен был он.

9. Было бы неразумно, если бы он сейчас оставил ее одну.

10. Самое лучшее, что вы можете сделать, - это говорить начистоту.

The Infinitive Phrase (WH-phrase)

Exercise 10.3. Find WH-phrases and define their functions.

1. How to get across was the problem.

2. She wondered whom to invite to the party.

3. She did not know whether to go or stay.

4. The difficulty was how to explain her absence.

5. She gave me a long explanation of how to do it.

6. It was clear which to choose.

7. The only thing we did not discuss that day was the not so insignificant detail of how to get the money for the trip.

8. I can’t make up my mind whether to take this job or not.

9. She simply did not know where to turn for help.

10. What to say and what to leave unsaid was a delicate point.

11. The main difficulty was where to get the fuel.

12. Why didn’t you explain to her how to make a long-distance call?

13. You will be told when to begin.

14. I don’t think much of her plan how to get in touch with him.

15. Well, have you finally decided which to take?

Exercise 10.4. Read the dialog inserting the particle “to” where required, analyze all infinitives.

Nora: Robert, I’d like you ___ do something for me.

Robert: (irritably) Oh, what is it, Mum?

Nora: I want you ___ make up the stove for me ___ take a bath.

Robert: But when ___ do it, I’m busy all the time. I don’t even have time ___ do my homework.

Nora: Do you think there’s no work for me ___ do? Look at all these clothes I’ve got ___ iron. There’s nobody ___ iron them for me.

Robert: Yes, but do you expect me ___ stop in the middle of what I’m writing? Why ___ do it now?

Nora: I can’t ___ make you ___ help me if you don’t want to; but I’ve seldom known you ___ take so much interest in your homework. I asked you ___ help me for a minute, only ___ receive your objection. I don’t like my boys ___ be disagreeable.

Harry: Robert, do I understand you ___ say you are reluctant ___ help your mother? You oughtn’t even ___ wait for her ___ ask you. I’ve been watching you ___ do “your homework”, as you call it. Looking out of the window half the time! Let me ___ tell you, young man, you’d better ___ go get some real work ___ do, or you are likely ___ be in trouble. Never mind, Nora, I’d be happy ___ help you myself.

Nora: Thank you, Harry. I’d just like the stove ___ be made up for me not ___ do it. I haven’t got used to this kind of stove yet. It’s difficult ___ have it ___ work properly. You understand it better.

Harry: Oh yes. I’ll soon get the water ___ boil. Where’s the coal? ... There, my boy, it didn’t take me long ___ do it, did it? You should learn from your dad how ___ get things done.

Robert: Yes, Dad, but I’d advise you ___ have another look inside the stove before you sit down again, just for you ___ see that the fire is out.

Harry: Good heavens, so it is! Well, and it’s for you ___ relight it, Robert. I refuse to.

(After Meet the Parkers)

Exercise 10.5. Translate using infinitives in different functions.

1. Помогать ей значит просто все сделать самой.

2. Рассердиться было бы глупо.

3. Очень важно не быть превратно понятым.

4. Ошибаться легко, гораздо труднее понять свою ошибку.

5. Моим единственным желанием было добраться до дома.

6. Максимум, что мы можем сделать, - это сейчас же все рассказать.

7. Она делала вид, что читает.

8. Он удивился, что его узнали.

9. Мы были очень рады, что поговорили с ним.

10. Вы очень огорчены, что упустили эту возможность?

11. Не такой он человек, чтобы передумать.

12. Думать было некогда.

13. Это свитер, который можно носить с брюками или широкой юбкой.

14. Он наблюдал, как люди торопились к поездам.

15. Мне известно, что он приезжал к ним несколько раз в этом году.

16. Он нашел, что братья были очень знающими деловыми людьми.

17. Я оставил их, чтобы они все обговорили.

18. Я чувствовал, что пора позвать доктора.

19. Я пришла сюда не затем, чтобы со мной обращались как с ребенком.

20. Я все это говорю, чтобы меня правильно поняли.

21. Я не настолько хорошо его знаю, чтобы просить его помочь мне.

22. Рано тебе читать такие книги.

23. Она говорит по-английски так хорошо, что ее можно принять за англичанку.

24. Предложение было достаточно оригинальным и вызвало всеобщий интерес.

25. Она так неосторожна, что что-то ему пообещала.

26. Задача слишком сложна, чтобы ее уже решили.

27. Слишком она молода, чтобы принимать ее всерьез.

28. С ней трудно спорить.

29. Его словам невозможно поверить.

30. С ним опасно ссориться.

31. С этой мыслью было трудно расстаться.

32. Распорядитесь, чтобы кто-нибудь принес лекарство.

33. Вряд ли она уже написала сочинение.

34. Нашу кошку наверняка украли.

35. Оказалось, что картину нарисовал другой художник.

36. Так случилось, что в тот момент я стоял у окна.

37. Казалось, он подслушал их разговор.

38. Я договорилась, чтобы он провел воскресенье у бабушки.

39. Мои работы были не настолько хороши, чтобы она знала их.

40. Потом они стали спорить, не рассказать ли все маме.

11. INFINITIVE: Infinitive or -ING-form?

On the whole the distinction between the infinitive and the -ing-form (participle or gerund) is defined as follows:

Infinitive

-ING-form

special, particular, concrete single action, often in the future, perfective (completed) in its character

general, abstract fact or permanent, regular action, often simultaneous or in the past, imperfective in its character

To sing at the party was a challenge for her. = Спеть на этой вечеринке ...

Nice to meet you. = (при встрече)

Singing was a challenge for her. = Пение вообще...

Singing was a stupid thing to do. = То, что она спела, ...

Nice meeting you. (при прощании)

This distinction is observed in the functions of:

1. Subject:

To win the world’s race was his main ambition.

Winning was his motto.

Winning the world’s race was his greatest achievement.

Only the gerund is used after:

It’s worth doing smth. (Smth. is worth doing.)

There’s no doing smth. (e.g. There’s no stopping him.)

2. Complex Subject:

The door was heard to shut. (= ЧТО закрылась)

The door was heard shutting. (= КАК закрывалась)

The participle is usually used instead of the indefinite infinitive

(unless it is the verb “to be”) after:

is found / reported / shown doing smth.

BUT: is found / reported / shown to be smth.

to be doing smth.

to have done smth.

3. Complex Object:

She heard him come in. (= ЧТО вошел)

She heard him coming in. (= КАК входил)

The participle is usually used instead of the indefinite

infinitive (unless it is the verb “to be”) after:

found /imagined / fancied / smb. doing smth.

BUT: found / imagined / fancied smb. to be smth.

4. Predicative (infinitives are more frequently used):

His job was to file all the incoming letters.

Only the gerund is used after:

be like: It’s like trying to kill two birds.

mean (=signify): It means coming late.

BUT: He meant to come late. (= intended).

5. Direct Object (the distinction will be discussed later)

Exercise 11.1. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-form.

1. (Call) her upset would have been an understatement, she was beside herself with anger.

2. She felt euphoric, there was no (deny) it.

3. (Get) away for a weekend demanded a degree of will and organization.

4. There is no (know) how long he could have continued on the subject.

5. I belonged to neither groups, and (speak) was to take sides.

6. There was no (mistake) the sound.

7. I did it because (go) on living in the country would have been too much of a problem.

8. There was no (tell) how his father would react to the news.

9. Just (be) silent together like that helps.

10. Just (mention) my trouble would have been in bad taste.

11. Let us admit that (read) with us is the thing that we cannot do without.

12. Not (go) home, in fact, seemed lately to become the pattern of his life.

13. There’s no (account) for taste.

14. Though it was fine, (sit) outside at a small table, eating, was not a tempting prospect.

15. We were in the offices, and (get) to his room meant (to go) right through the place.

Exercise 11.2. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-form to use it as part of a complex subject in the following sentences.

1. From the hill a man could be seen . . . half a mile away. (to run)

2. He has never been known . .. his temper at rehearsals. (to lose)

3. He is in hospital. And his condition is reported as . .. serious. (to be)

4. He was instructed . . . for a special grant. (to apply)

5. He was left . . . a couple of hours. (to sleep)

6. He was understood ... the new teacher. (to be)

7. Her brother was reported . . . alive in Europe. (to be)

8. His book was found . .. a fine piece of writing. (to be)

9. I don't see how anyone can be expected . . . a case like this. (to tackle)

10. I think you'd like to know, sir, that the train has been heard . . . . (to whistle)

11. I was made . . . at the gate. (to stand)

12. In your story he is shown . .. a lot for other people. (to do)

13. People can feel satisfaction if they are made . . . they are doing a useful service. (to feel)

14. She may have found the note because she was seen . . . through the book. (to look)

15. When the car was heard ... the people fled anywhere to avoid the police. (to approach)

16. When they were getting into the car he was heard . . . good luck to the girl. (to wish)

Exercise 11.3. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-form to use it as part of a complex object in the following sentences.

1. Adeline found her husband . . . in the middle of the room waiting for her. (to stand)

2. He explained his behavior as . . . to make up their quarrel. (to try)

3. He found you . . . pretty liberal about your children. (to be)

4. He guessed her age . . . about eighteen. (to be)

5. I can imagine people not . . . him. (to like)

6. I can't imagine you . . . anything but what you are. (to be)

7. I caught her . . . at me. (to look)

8. I found myself . . . almost entirely on the grapes which the cook found it hard to spoil. (to live)

9. I heard Arthur . . . a slight noise which may have been a sigh or a chuckle. (to make)

10. I left him . . . with the issue by himself. (to deal)

11. I saw Mother . . . at me and . . . away. (to look, to turn)

12. I saw Mother . . . at me. (to look)

13. If you go on talking like this you'll have me . . . . (to cry)

14. James proved himself . . . a man of his word. (to be)

15. Now I was over-confident. I expected things . . . my way. (to go)

16. There was a lot of noise all around now, and amongst it you could hear a plane . . . unusually low. (to fly)

17. They always treated her as . . . superior in every way. (to be)

18. We left him . . . the afternoon with his family. (to spend)

19. We left the others . .. outside the house. (to chat)

20. We stood for a while watching a man . . . an Alsatian puppy. (to train)

Exercise 11.4. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-form to use it as predicative in the following sentences. Point out the instances when the particle 'to' can be omitted before the infinitive.

1. "My job is . . . everyone alike, and be courteous, even when passengers are not," said the stewardess. (to treat)

2. "To say that you are a fool is ... it very mildly," said Douglas. (to put)

3. All he wanted to do was . .. and . . . . (to sit, to dream)

4. All I wanted to do was . . . the formalities short. (to cut)

5. All you can do is . . . .(to obey)

6. But the difficulty was . . . an excuse for absence from home. (to find).

7. He didn't know what to talk to him about. It was like . . . an unknown brother. (to meet)

8. His request meant . . . further than I was prepared to go. (to go)

9. My idea was . . . a fuller explanation of what they plan to discuss. (to demand)

10. The best thing for you to do is . . . the thought of her out of your mind. (to put).

11. The first objective was . . . ourselves a suitable house to live in. (to find)

12. The loss of his job meant . . . poor again. (to be)

13. The only thing to do was . . . who she was. (to explain)

14. The place was cheerful and he felt relaxed. It was like . . . warm in bed. (to be)

15. To love John was like . . . alive. (to burn)

12. GERUND: Forms and Functions

She was angry at Tom’s having asked her impudently about Jim.

Nominal features:

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

Verbal features:

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

Exercise 12.1. Say whether the ing-words are gerunds, participles or verbal nouns. Give your reasons.

1. "Forgive me for keeping you waiting," he said, looking a little surprised... "I had to run up and wash. I was playing tennis when the bell rang" ...

2. "Now Laura," said her mother quickly, "come with me into the smoking room."

3. "Well," thought Michael, "giving advice is clearly not my stunt!"

4. And indeed she has such an excellent chance of winning that it sounds like pure folly to wish her to stand down.

5. As for Nella, she watched the incomings and outgoings of Prince Aribert with a kindly interest.

6. As we passed I remarked a beautiful church-spire rising above some old elms in the park.

7. At first he determined to go to bed again, but when he thought of the redressing and rewashing and the having of another bath, he determined he wouldn't.

8. At night before my sleeping drug had soothed me I would imagine him going up my stairs.

9. Colonel Julyan kept yawning at the back. He opened his mouth very wide and yawned aloud, sighing heavily afterwards... I did not know how to prevent myself from turning round and screaming to him to stop.

10. George accompanied Elizabeth to the boarding house where she lived.

11. He took out a thermos, a hair-brush, a shaving set and a sleeping bag.

12. I felt as if the stopping of the clocks had stopped time in that mysterious place.

13. I heard the rain still beating continuously on the staircase window, and the travelling wind blowing.

14. It was like revisiting the scene of a quieter life.

15. My aunt concluded this philosophical summary, by fixing her sleeping eyes with a kind of triumph on Anne.

16. On the way to his dressing room Michael encountered Coaker.

17. Sam continued his jumping movement until he was near the smoking fire.

18. She was to have my bed, and I was to lie in the sitting room, to keep guard over her.

19. Taking off his Monk's garment which he now hated, he dressed himself, and without seeing her again drove home.

20. The nightingale's song was then the only voice of the hour; in listening to it, I again wept. Mr. Rochester sat quiet, looking at me gently and seriously.

21. The wandering look and changed utterance told what wreck had taken place in her once-vigorous frame.

22. This is the standard travelling kit," he said.

23. Tom disliked being spoken to just then.

24. Victorine turned and began pulling an old cord round the sleeping boy.

25. Liza was able to make her own living by working at a factory.

Exercise 12.2. Translate using gerunds and define their functions in the sentences.

1. Разговоры не помогают в беде.

2. To, что мы ждали профессора, было слабым оправданием тому, что мы ничего не делали.

3. To, что я ответил утвердительно, было ему очень приятно.

4. Бесполезно говорить с ним.

5. В ее отношении к этому нельзя было ошибиться.

6. Единственное средство от такой головной боли, как у меня, это лечь спать.

7. Мы намереваемся поехать в Швейцарию и подняться на Монблан.

8. Джозеф не мог не восхищаться этим человеком.

9. Она начала рыдать и стонать.

10. Ночью пошел дождь.

11. Том продолжал белить забор.

12. Внезапно она перестала разговаривать.

13. Я просто обожаю кататься верхом.

14. Ей доставляло удовольствие петь и играть для него.

15. Чарли не удавалось смотреть легко на вещи.

16. Может быть, вы не будете возражать против того, чтобы вошел Ричард?

17. Тетя Августа не одобрит то, что вы здесь.

18. Он родился с даром покорять сердца.

19. У нее было чувство, что ею воспользовались.

20. Нет никакой надежды на то, что они смогут скоро пожениться.

21. Вскоре послышался шум автомобиля, который подъезжал к двери.

22. Оставив зонтик в передней, она вошла в гостиную.

23. Он должен был пробыть три дня дома, прежде чем возвратиться на ферму.

24. Поведение мистера Бамбля, когда его оставили в одиночестве, было не совсем понятно.

25. Она напугала своего отца тем, что расплакалась.

26. День прошел за упаковкой вещей.

27. Она была очень красива, сама того не зная.

28. Одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев.

29. Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.

30. Я не смел присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить себя в глупое положение.

31. Несмотря на то, что он был занят, она попросила его помочь ей.

32. Давид уехал из Лондона, никому ничего не сказав.

33. Мальчики не могли уходить из Салем-Хауса, не спросив разрешения.

Exercise 12.3. Insert the appropriate form of the gerund.

1. He did not want to go without __ by Amy. (to congratulate)

2. After __ more closely than usual and __ his hair, he took the bus uptown. (to shave, to brush)

3. On __ that Michael and Fleur were out, he did not dress for dinner. (to discover)

4. I had to sound as if I didn't mind __, as though I had no temper of my own. (to insult)

5. In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for __ so much the night before. (to elate)

6. The house wanted __. (to repair)

7. Even a criminal must be told the nature of his crime before __. (to convict)

8. I still reproached myself for not __ open with Douglas from the start. (to be)

9. No woman looks her best after __ up all night. (to sit)

10. His legs were somewhat stiff from not __ nor __ for days. (to hike, to climb)

11. I'm tired of __ like a silly fat lamb. (to treat)

12. I know everyone who's worth __. (to know)

13. After __ this, he cursed himself for not __ the opposite. (to say, to say)

14. "Your tie needs __," Mrs.Simpson said. (to straighten)

15. The attempt is at least worth __. (to make)

16. One could not walk or drive about Philadelphia without __ and __ with it. (to see, to impress)

17. I remember __ him with her and Marner going away from church. (to see)

18. When I told him that I meant to live in Paris for a while, he reproached me bitterly for not __ him know. (to let)

19. Let me tell you whose house you've come into without __ or __.(to ask, to want)

Exercise 12.4. Make gerundial constructions and comment on the way the nominal element is expressed. Translate into Russian.

1. You must excuse (I, be) so breathless. I'm not really breathless, it's just the excitement.

2. These happy events occurred without (any recommendation, make) by Rainborough, and indeed without (he, inform) officially.

3. The maid said something about (the American lady, come) back to Rodnik.

4. It was easy to imagine (Cave, sit) silent.

5. She was interrupted by her father's voice and by (her father's hat, be) heavily flung from his hand.

6. He brought in a suitcase with him, which he doubted (it, be) worth while to unpack.

7. Besides, there's no danger of (it, happen) again.

8. "It's no good (you, stay) here," Jack Burton said.

9. Old Jack laughed. (They, bother) amused him.

10. He was wakened by (someone, knock) at the door.

11. There is something so inexpressibly absurd to me in the idea of (Caddy, be) married.

12. I was not surprised by (Caddy, be) in low spirits.

13. You knew young Pyle well, didn't you? I can't get over (a thing like that, happen) to him.

14. She laughed at the thought of (her husband and Johnny, look) after the house.

15. He felt almost a gloomy satisfaction at the thought of (all these disasters, happen) at once.

Exercise 12.5. Recast the following sentences so as to use predicative constructions with the gerund. Use prepositions where required.

1. Presently I became aware that someone was moving softly about this room.

2. I was about to suggest that you should lunch with me.

3. For my part I had never before suspected that Kate had a deep vein of superstition in her nature.

4. I cut short his weeping, by suggesting that we should start for the camp at once.

5. I like you so much because you are such a good cook.

6. I boasted that my father was different; he would understand that I was an artist.

7. She took a peculiar delight in the fact that he was Peter's son.

8. He felt proud of the fact that he had been able to win a woman whom everybody admired.

9. She gave no sign that she heard that he had slammed the door.

10. She insisted that he should drop his voice.

11. He was clever, no one had ever denied that he was clever.

Exercise 12.6. Use the gerund in the required form or the gerundial construction instead of the infinitive in brackets. Analyse the function.

1. "You must not mind (we, surprise)," she said.

2. (Read) is to the mind what exercise is to the body.

3. After (to mourn) for her so many years it is time that you once more enjoyed life.

4. After all I'm partly to blame for (you, miss) the train so the least I can do is to help you out of a jam.

5. From all I can learn, he's got no business, no income, and no connection worth (speak).

6. He came back to town in a poor way, and went about with pathetic attempts at (to make) the best of a bad job.

7. He spared no pains in (try) to see all.

8. He'll be afraid of (to think) ungrateful.

9. Here, they felt, was someone worth (to take) a little trouble over.

10. I beg the House's pardon for (to be) so long in (to fulfil) my task.

11. I couldn't stop (she, come here).

12. I did ask her why she could not sleep and what kept (she, think) so much as she listened to the nightingale.

13. I insisted on all relations with the Klausners (break) off.

14. I remember (to go) to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight ailment.

15. I seem honoured in (to permit) to draw the attention of all the parties to this.

16. If you don't object to (I, accompany) you as far as the door, sir...?

17. In the silence he began (hum) once again.

18. Instead of (worry) he took a deep breath of the crisp air.

19. It's no use (cry) over spilt milk.

20. It's not much good (I, spend) half an hour writing to your uncle if he changes his mind.

21. Martin Eden never looked at him without (to experience) a sense of repulsion.

22. Mrs. Michael Mont, I withdraw the words concerning Miss Marjorie Ferrar contained in my letters and hereby offer a full and free apology for (to write) them."

23. No one would dream of (he, be) so near at hand.

24. Peter Himmel, escort to the lovely Edith, was unaccustomed to (snub), he was hurt and embarrassed.

25. Sometimes Liza fell into light doze and Jim would keep very still for fear of (wake) her.

26. The clothes were washed elsewhere: in here they were but aired before (to put on).

27. The rain poured down without (cease).

28. The whole time I was conscious of (surround) by a network of intrigue.

29. Warren wants me to go home and give up the idea of (to go) on the stage.

30. Well, doubtless we'll come across that in (look) through Captain Trevelyan's papers.

31. What do you mean by (say) that you're my nephew?

32. You do not know how I suffer; all last night I could not sleep for (think) of your peril.

13. GERUND and INFINITIVE after verbs

MAIN VERBS TAKING BOTH WITHOUT CHANGE IN MEANING

I began working. = I began to work.

BEGIN, start, continue, cease

LIKE, love, intend, propose

HATE, dread, neglect, can’t bear

PREFER doing this TO doing that (BUT: to do this RATHER THAN to do that)

MAIN VERBS TAKING BOTH WITH CHANGE IN MEANING

REMEMBER doing (помню, как делал) - remember to do (не забываю сделать)

FORGET doing (забываю, как делал) - forget to do (забываю сделать)

REGRET doing (сожалею, что сделал) - regret to do /to say, to inform/ (с сожалением, вынужден сделать)

GO ON doing (продолжаю делать) - go on to do (в продолжение чего-то, начинаю делать другое)

TRY doing (попробуй сделать это - это может помочь) - try to do (попытайся сделать это - приложи усилия)

MAIN VERBS TAKING GERUNDS ONLY

SET ABOUT (= begin), burst out

KEEP (on), resume

DELAY, postpone, put off

FINISH, give up, stop, quit, leave off, complete

AVOID, escape, dislike, detest, resist, resent, can’t stand, can’t face, deny

DON’T MIND, tolerate, endure

ENJOY, can’t help, can’t resist, feel like, be worth

CONSIDER, contemplate, risk

SUGGEST, recommend, advise (but: advise smb. to do)

APPRECIATE, anticipate, excuse, forgive, pardon, understand

ACKNOWLEDGE, admit

MISS, recall, recollect

DISCUSS, mention, practice, be busy

HAVE TROUBLE, have difficulty

FANCY, can’t imagine

Exercise 13.1. Choose between the infinitive and the gerund of the indicated verb.

1. She tried (take) an interest in my work.

2. To learn to write, I tried (alter) words or the order in which they were set.

3. Why didn’t you try (find) yourself a job?

4. She tried (knit), but her fingers were numb.

5. Margaret and I were upset and the others went on (try) (cheer) us up.

6. The article went on (say) that Miss MacLean was born in Dublin and still had relations there.

7. He went on (talk) about his children.

8. I must remember (tell) the others not to mention it to Willy.

9. Yes, I remember (see) the letter on the mantle piece.

10. I remember (take) for a drive by a kind lady who wanted to show me round.

11. I must remember (look) through my pockets.

12. I remember (have) to hear endless incidents from my mother’s childhood.

13. I must remember not (slouch), he thought, and must lose some weight.

14. The general never forgot (take) his boys out for a drive one Sunday day in June.

15. Don’t forget (lock) the door when you decide to go to bed.

16. I now regretted not (go) with her, but it was too late to run after her.

17. I regret (disappoint) you but you ought to know the facts.

18. I think he was beginning (doubt) it.

19. She could not begin (unpack).

20. Harriet cleared her throat and began (search) her pockets for cigarettes.

21. He began (write) the draft of a new plan that afternoon, just to see how it looks.

22. Without waiting for his reply she began (gather).the plums.

23. Margaret continued (visit) his wife in hospital.

24. He continued (hum) the tune.

25. I liked (play).with the dog.

26. I liked (have) lodgings of my own, where I could be by myself.

27. He liked (sit) up late into the night smoking his pipe and drinking a glass of whiskey.

28. She asked him whether he hated (fly) as much as she did.

29. I hated (think) of her wishes being forced in any way.

30. She hates (work) for television.

31. I hate (admit) it, but I think I can understand her Daddy.

32. Outside, the church bells started (ring).

33. He started (walk) back to the hotel.

34. It's started (rain).

Exercise 13.2. Use the infinitive or –ING-form of the indicated verb. Add an object before the infinitive if necessary.

Anna: I can't help (wonder) why you take a bus to work every day. You have a car, don't you?

Joel: Yes, but car problems forced (try) (take) the bus for a week last year. That experience convinced (use) public transportation.

Anna: Why? (Drive) is much faster. On the bus you waste time (follow) a very long and indirect route. In a car, you can take the most direct route.

Joel: I'm not sure that it is faster. What about traffic? When I drove, I couldn't stand (drive) in my car in traffic that wasn't moving. Maybe (take) public transportation seems (waste) time, but it really doesn't. I manage (do) a lot of work on the bus, things like (read) company reports. (Work) on the bus helps (have) more free time at home.

Anna: I don't have much trouble with traffic because I go to work early, and I've learned (avoid) (get) caught in slow traffic by taking back roads. Why don't you consider (drive) again? I'll show you some roads where there's never much traffic.

Joel: You really don't believe me. I prefer (use) public transportation! I don't miss (drive) and (waste) time (sit) in traffic jams. In addition, I'm sure it's cheaper (take) a bus. A monthly bus pass costs $32, and it permits (ride) on the bus as many times as you want during the month. I bet you pay that much just for parking, without (count) gas, insurance, or maintenance.

Anna: Maybe you're right, but I don't mind (pay) a little extra for the freedom and comfort a car gives me. I really hate (wait) at bus stops. I remember (stand) in the rain for an hour once. Never again! I refuse (take) public transportation. I have an idea, Joel. I'd like (give) you a ride to work tomorrow. I think you've forgotten how comfortable and convenient cars are.

Joel: That's very nice of you, but no thanks. Really, Anna, you should give up (try) (convince) (change) my mind about buses. I won't!

Exercise 13.3. Translate the following into English using infinitives or gerunds as direct objects.

1. Она стала плакать. (to begin)

2. Я хотел что-нибудь выяснить о нем. (to want)

3. Он совсем проснулся и был склонен почитать, но единственной книгой в комнате была библия. (to feel like)

4. Поль не нуждается в защите. (to need)

5. Он любил находиться в обществе своих родственников. (to like)

6. Он непрерывно поглядывал на часы, и когда он выпил чай, он сказал, что должен возвращаться. (to keep)

7. Теперь я начинал понимать кое-что. (to begin)

8. Вскоре я перестал быть полезным им. (to cease)

9. Дэн не мог устоять и не показать своей работы.(to resist)

10. Даже в затемненной комнате я не мог не видеть, что лицо миссис Джоунз распухло от слез. (cannot help)

11. Все то январское утро телефон настойчиво звонил в моем кабинете. (to keep)

12. Я предложил найти доктора и привести его к Эду. (to propose)

13. Я не думаю, чтобы он упоминал о том, что навещал их. (to mention)

14. Они позабыли пригласить меня. (to forget)

15. Я никогда не забуду, как я гостил в вашем доме в Кенте. (to forget)

16. Я пытаюсь читать. (to try)

17. Мне не хотелось оставлять его одного в горе, и я предложил отвезти его к себе домой. (to want, to offer)

18. Я отложил письмо к нему на завтра. (to put off)

19. Я не мог вынести, чтобы со мной обращались так холодно. (to endure)

20. Она не возражала против того, чтобы быть одной в коттедже. (to mind)

21. Я всерьез принялся писать короткие рассказы. (to set about)

22. Он был рад, что она позаботилась написать ему. (to take the trouble)

23. Ты помнишь, как ты доставлял виноградный сок в этот дом в то утро? (to remember)

24. Ты не забыл послать деньги в Лидс? (to remember)

25. Я решил не беспокоить Роджера этим делом. (to decide)

26. О, я думаю, вам понравится жить здесь, когда наступит лето. (to enjoy)

27. Он пробовал выращивать там картошку. (to try)

28. Я знал, что он старается накопить денег. (to try)

29. Мы не собираемся проситься пойти с вами. (to ask)

30. Я устал притворяться, что я пишу или читаю. (to pretend)

31. Мне не хотелось шутить. (to feel like)

32. Я отказываюсь принять ответственность за твои действия. (to refuse)

33. Он старался избежать встречи с кем-нибудь, кого он знал. (to avoid)

34. Несмотря на дождь мы продолжали ждать. (to go on)

35. В эти дни он не мог позволить себе опаздывать. (cannot afford)

36. Хью прочитал в одной американской газете рецензию на эту книгу и предложил купить ее для их библиотеки. (to suggest)

37. Когда я вернулся в дом, я не забыл стереть с лица дождь. (to remember)

38. Я помню, что как-то говорил тебе об этом, Льюис. (to remember)

39. Возможно, что Молли пожалела, что она так много болтала. (to regret)

40. Она все больше и больше страшилась остаться одной с детьми. (to dread)

41. Остальные, без суеты, согласились принять участие. (to agree)

42. Ее друзья обещали прислать ей работу. (to promise)

43. Она села у камина и приготовилась рассказывать свои новости. (to prepare)

44. Смиты все уладили, чтобы взять на себя заботу о детях. (to arrange)

45. Он продолжал упорно звонить в гостиницу, спрашивая, нет ли для него каких-либо сообщений. (to keep)

46. Вы хотите взглянуть на него? (to care)

47. Он не позаботился о том, чтобы ответить. (to trouble)

48. Утром он начал переезжать в комнату внизу. (to start)

49. Жильцы этого дома предпочитали не интересоваться чужими делами. (to prefer)

14. GERUND after prepositions

VERBS

at aim

by begin

for account, compensate, blame smb.

from result, prevent smb.

in end, persist, result, succeed

into coax smb., persuade smb., talk smb.

of accuse smb., approve, boast, come, complain, dream, remind smb., suspect smb.

on comment, count, depend, insist, rely, congratulate smb.

out of talk , coax smb.

to look forward, object, plead guilty, take

with charge smb., interfere

ADJECTIVES

TO BE...

at angry, annoyed, indignant, irritated, (but: WITH smb.), slow, quick (also: IN)

for responsible

in interested, experienced, skillful, right, wrong, involved

of (un)aware, (in)capable, (un)conscious, guilty, proud, sure, be on the point

on insistent, intent, keen, dependent

to (un)accustomed, (un)used

with bored, content (angry, annoyed WITH smb.)

NOUNS

at attempt, delight, surprise

for cause, reason, grounds, gift, reputation, talent

in advantage, difficulty, experience, interest, sense, no point, take pride, skill, use

to objection

of be on the point of, make a point of

Exercise 14.1. Supply the necessary prepositions for the gerunds used as prepositional objects.

1. Jones insisted ... shaking hands.

2. I take all the blame ... not seeing further than my nose.

3. She glanced up ... marking a pile of papers, and said: "Hello, Hugh."

4. Unfortunately I haven't succeeded . .. making much impression on you.

5. He made a point . . . never sounding disappointed.

6. His mission had very little to do . . . winning the war.

7. He had never had much difficulty . .. getting jobs. The trouble had always been . . . keeping them.

8. She thanked him . . . taking her out.

9. He did not object . .. seeing Francis.

10. If he persists . .. marrying the girl, it will mean absolute ruin for him.

11. She took . . . wearing jeans.

12. When asked what his father did in life, the boy answered, "My father works . . . keeping the world . . . having another war."

13. I shall look forward . . . seeing your book.

14. I thought . . . taking a trip up the Scandinavian coast.

15. Jack hesitated, then decided . . . talking.

16. I told him that we were about to be turned out of our flat . . . not paying the rent.

17. I hated him . .. laughing with the others.

18. So when she compromised . . . letting me talk her . . . having at least some grape juice, I let it go at that.

19. He went back . . . reading his paper.

20. Quite late, when he was on the point . . . going upstairs, the door bell rang.

21. He put the note under a saucer on the table to keep it . .. blowing away.

22. The man of letters is accustomed ... writing.

23. I became aware of the specific benefit I was capable ... getting from travel.

24. Mrs Attley was very skillful . . . directing the table talk away from her daughter.

25. Some people were nice . . . turning me down.

26. I'm sick . . . doing things for you.

27. You seem upset . .. losing Jones.

28. She was set ... helping him.

29. I don't say I'm proud . . . cheating him out of 300 dollars.

30. Your colleagues are good . .. keeping a secret, aren't they?

31. He is usually fairly careful . . . making his statements.

32. He is quite excited ... being among us again.

33. It was five minutes later than my usual bedtime and I felt guilty . . . being still up.

34. She was quick . . . finding out things.

35. Dolly seemed relieved ... not having to make a scene.

36. I tried to be as nice as possible . . . refusing.

37. You seem very fond ... saying things behind my back.

38. But he was slow ... replying.

39. He selected a dingy little place where he felt sure . . . not meeting any acquaintances.

Exercise 14.2. Restate the sentences using gerunds and making necessary alternations.

1. Do you mind if I close the window?

2. The doctor insisted that she stay at home.

3. Will you object if I smoke in the living-room?

4. There is a chance that he will be appointed editor-in-chief.

5. There is no opportunity that they will come to see us in such rainy weather.

6. Is there any hope that you will receive the letter sooner?

7. We were informed that the ship had arrived at the port.

8. Will you excuse me if I ask you again?

9. I’ve heard that your son has been promoted recently.

10. There’s no fear that she’ll forget about the appointment.

11. You may avoid many mistakes if you observe the rules.

12. I am thankful that I have been stopped in time.

13. I remember that I have read this book.

14. As soon as Tom saw his wife and child get off the airplane, he broke into a big smile.

15. I wouldn’t forget if I had ever come across his name before.

16. His arm showed no sign that it had been injured.

17. I remember that I already visited Paris when I was very young.

18. They had much difficulty when they were trying to find the house.

Exercise 14.3. Translate the following into English using gerunds as prepositional objects.

1. Он не возражал против того, чтобы там находились другие люди. (to object)

2. Я не виню тебя за то, что тебе так хочется уехать из города в такую погоду. (to blame)

3. Я не имел никакого отношения к тому, что он принял это решение, (to have nothing to do)

4. Тогда я заподозрил его в том, что он меня дразнит. (to suspect)

5. Нам было не трудно быть приятным друг другу. (to have no difficulty)

6. Он настаивал на том, чтобы научить ее этой сложной игре. (to insist)

7. Не было ничего, что могло бы помешать ему вернуться в Лондон. (to prevent)

8. Он извинился, что задержал меня. (to apologize)

9. Мне не удалось заставить Энн говорить. (to succeed)

10. Отец часто обвинял меня в том, что я отношусь к дому как к отелю. (to accuse)

11. Я был в самом деле не уверен, что я чувствую по поводу того, что Джек приезжает домой. (to feel)

12. Я сказал ему о том, что Фил хочет пойти с нами. (to tell)

13. У отеля она настояла на том, чтобы заплатить за такси. (to insist)

14. Дэн уговорил Белла остаться с ним завтракать. (to talk)

15. Он посмотрел вниз на то, как вода собирается у его ног в лужу. (to look down)

16. Доктор начал с того, что пощупал его пульс. (to begin)

17. На секунду я испугался, что он задумал подать в отставку. (to think)

18. Он настоял на том, чтобы Анну немедленно пригласили сюда. (to insist)

19. Я не одобряю его за то, что он вообще влез в это дело. (to disapprove)

20. Я спросил его, как ему нравится быть доктором. (to feel about)

21. Как ты объяснил покупку этого автомобиля? (to account)

22. Он упрекал себя за то, что не попытался поговорить с нею. (to reproach)

23. Ты умеешь держать язык за зубами. (good)

24. Я гордился тем, что пригодился ему. (proud)

25. Я знал, что он не способен принимать решения. (capable)

26. Доктор привык выслушивать всяких людей. (used)

27. Мне жаль, что я причинил вам так много беспокойства. (sorry)

28. Я больше, чем ты, заинтересован в том, чтобы найти ее. (interested)

29. Я уверен, что ты вполне способен справиться с большинством ситуаций. (capable)

30. Мне надоело пытаться делать то, что мне давалось нелегко. (tired)

31. Я удивился тому, что он вообще женился. (surprised)

32. Я был немного разочарован тем, что не встретил Чарльза. (disappointed)

33. Она была благодарна ему за то, что он понял, что ей не хочется говорить о себе. (grateful)

34. Он был раздражен на нее за то, что она втянула его в эту ссору. (annoyed)

35. Он любил смеяться над теми, кто был робок. (fond)

Exercise 14.4. Read the dialog using the appropriate verbal and adding prepositions where necessary. Analyze the function of the verbals.

Harry:	Nora! Nora!
Nora:	(Coming into the room) Yes, what is it now, Harry?
Harry:	Oh, there you are. Look here, Nora, I’m tired (lie) here on my back with nothing to do. I hate (do) nothing.
Nora:	Don’t be silly, Harry. You’ve got a temperature, and (stay) in bed is the only sensible thing to do. Now, just be quiet, and stop (prevent) me (do) my housework!
Harry:	No, seriously, Nora, I can’t bear it. (Lie) flat on my back.
Nora:	Well then, try (lie) on your stomach for a change.
Harry:	Stop (be) funny. I’m going to get up. (Standing up) There! Look! I’m standing up. I’m quite all right. What’s the use (stay) in bed?
Nora:	I think you’re being very silly. You’ll only make your temperature (go) up again.
Harry:	It’s no use (talk), Nora - (be) ill doesn’t suit me.
Nora:	No - and (try) to nurse you doesn’t suit me!
Harry:	Now, don’t be bitter about it. You know I’m grateful to you (look) after me. But you mustn’t try (keep) me in bed like a naughty boy.
Nora:	Well, you began it! (behave) like a naughty boy.
Harry:	I’m all against this (stay) in bed for no reason. (Comes up to the window.)
Nora:	Harry, (be) ill is a reason… Now, don’t stand by that window and catch another cold… Let me see, half past eleven -
Harry:	Why do you keep (look) at the clock?
Nora:	I’m expecting Mother - she’s coming over for the day.
Harry:	Good heavens! I didn’t know that!
Nora:	Yes, I think she has something she wants to talk to you about.
Harry:	Oh heavens! Has she? (groans) … You know, Nora, I do feel a bit ill. Perhaps I had better (get) back to bed.
Nora:	Oh, what a pity! I thought perhaps you might stay up (see) her.
Harry:	(To himself) That’s the very reason I’m getting back into bed!
Nora:	What did you say?
Harry:	Oh, eh - nothing.

15. GERUND: review

15.1. Supply the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.

1. The child deserves (praise).

2. He had a feeling of (rob).

3. Do you insist on (allow) to leave?

4. The museum is world-famous and certainly worth (visit).

5. He didn’t like the idea of (hunt) like a wolf.

6. My blouse wants (iron), it’s all wrinkled.

7. You must excuse my (not, answer) you before.

8. Though the fur still looks quite decent, the coat needs (alter).

9. You are really guilty of (help) her to escape.

10. The dust behind the furniture requires (get) rid of.

11. He was ashamed of (show) even the slightest irritation.

12. His books want (dust).

13. She couldn’t help being mad at (deceive) so unfairly.

14. Your washing-machine requires (repair).

15. They were not worth (save).

16. He doesn’t like (read) aloud to.

17. I remember (hear) the legend before.

18. This plan needs (go) into more carefully.

19. The slums want (attend) to, no doubt.

15.2. Choose between the infinitive and the gerund.

1. He was considering (take) the bedside table downstairs.

2. He volunteered (serve) in the army.

3. Did you remember (give) Jake my message?

4. The weather will get better soon. We can leave as soon as it quits (rain).

5. I regret (inform) you that your loan application has not been approved.

6. A study of the egg and bacon made him postpone (eat) his morning meal.

7. I used to like (watch) Stanley play the piano.

8. I didn’t mean (make) so much trouble.

9. You shouldn’t put off (pay) your bills.

10. How do you expect me to finish my story if you don’t finish (interrupt) me all the time?

11. No one has any influence over him when it comes to (make) a decision.

12. For a moment he imagined (dash) downstairs and (run) after her.

13. Our hostess was accustomed to never (ask) wives about their husbands.

14. She will definitely regret (not, listen) to her father’s advice.

15. I can’t stand some of her habits. She never remembers (lock) the door, for instance.

16. I can’t delay (tell) him about it. It’s really urgent.

17. I couldn’t help (regard) her remark as a compliment.

18. Don’t complain about it. It’s no use (cry) after the deal is clinched.

19. I’ll never forget (see) the Alps for the first time.

20. I prefer (write) with the pen rather than (use) the typewriter. I tried (dictate) to my secretary, then I tried (tape) my stories. But now I’m starting (realize) there’s nothing better than old habits.

15.3. Correct mistakes.

1. It’s not worth to apologize if you are not guilty.

2. What will you do if you discover that the owners of your company are guilty of cheating the government out of several thousands dollars a year?

3. There’s no excuse for his doing such a thing. I can’t recall anybody else to have forgotten about his wife’s birthday.

4. They were accused of discriminating against blacks and Hispanics, though they themselves never acknowledged to have been treating minority groups unfairly.

5. People who become aware of illegal practices are in a difficult position, they are often disappointed by having no opportunity to improve the situation.

6. I don’t see any reason in personally telling them the news, though I know a person bringing good news is always welcome.

7. I dislike to tell my employees beforehand when they will have to be fired.

8. Before signing of the contract he intended to receive the approval of the chairman.

9. Recently, business firms have begun to act more responsibly in hiring and promoting handicapped who are incapable of succeeding without some assistance.

10. Does the law of your country allow to pay bribes to secure contracts?

11. If you are seriously concerned about the moral standards of your employees and want to forbid to violate ethical norms, you must take concrete actions.

12. Whether employees behave ethically and object to be involved in any immoral activities depends largely on the actions and attitudes of top management.

13. There’s a high probability of Judy’s being sent to New York, in case she won’t mind doing this, of course.

14. He was rather slow at making a decision about the fate of this unexpected money. First, he considered to make a donation to an asylum located in his neighborhood, but then, he decided on writing a check to his alma mater.

15. The loss resulted from the ship being prevented to load a full cargo.

16. Most people believe that companies are responsible for paying salaries and benefits appropriate to the work performed, as well as to the skill, knowledge and experience of managing a team.

17. She wrote the order without my knowing it and without giving me an opportunity to look through the catalog and to study the prices before she would order anything.

18. Many businesses need being regulated and monitored in order to keep matters from getting chaotic and out of hand.

19. A company may benefit directly and indirectly if it decides to take socially responsible actions and if it avoids to undermine its social reputation.

20. After passing the Panama Canal the captain found that he didn’t have enough coal left to enable him to reach the port of destination and he risked to alter his course.

21. When Joe asked for being given a raise, his boss praised his work but said the company’s rigid budget won’t allow any raises for the time being.

15.4. Supply prepositions if necessary.

1. Now he regretted ... having come.

2. She denied ... having been at the station that evening.

3. She became conscious ... being gazed upon.

4. She spoke ... my room being ready for me.

5. ... seeing Bella, he stopped and approached her.

6. Don’t miss the opportunity ... hearing this pianist.

7. Miss Crawly was greatly displeased ... Rawdon’s having married Becky.

8. Her thoughts were interrupted ... the door opening slightly.

9. They accuse me ... having dealt with the Germans.

10. And ... waiting for her answer he turned and left us.

11. I wonder ... his allowing this engagement.

12. Excuse ... my leaving you in the dark for a moment.

13. He was indignant ... his son’s having disobeyed him.

14. I insist ... being treated with a certain consideration.

15. He felt no uneasiness now in the thought ... the brother and sister being alone together.

16. Did you ever hear ... anybody rejecting such an offer?

17. They went ... talking and drinking.

18. Forgive ... my speaking plainly.

19. He had to give up the idea ... trying to buy the toys.

20. Is there any objection ... my seeing him?

15.5. Translate using gerunds where possible. Pay attention to the prepositions:

insist	1. Вы настаиваете на том, чтобы вам дали скидку?
be concerned	2. Он особенно сильно заботится о поддержании морального духа своих подчиненных.
remember	3. Пожалуйста, не забудьте указать размер вашего уставного фонда.
be ashamed	4. Разве им не стыдно того, что их продукция такого низкого качества?
blame	5. Меня обвинили в полном отсутствии честности и прямоты.
compromise	6. Руководству пришлось пойти на уступки, увеличив количество дополнительных льгот.
suspect	7. Я подозреваю их в том, что в своем отчете о доходах они слишком много прибыли объявили не подлежащей налогообложению.
prevent	8. Что мешает тебе избавиться от всех этих посредников?
interfere	9. Недостаток высоко квалифицированных кадров помешал осуществлению этой программы.
result	10. Недостаток настойчивости в преследовании своих целей может привести к тому, что ваш бизнес будет в трудном положении.
remember	11. Я не помню, чтобы я когда-нибудь подавал жалобу.
account	12. Чем объясняется то, что рынок недвижимости развивается так медленно?
resent	13. Вкладчики будут возмущены тем, что мы увеличиваем свои собственные доходы за их счет.
regret	14. Я сожалею, но в вашем решении слишком мало здравого смысла.
deny	15. Вы отрицаете то, что вам поручали это задание?
try	16. Жаль, что они не попробовали определить все возможности до принятия решения.
be disappointed	17. Тебя разочаровало то, что наш новый директор такой придирчивый?
regret	18. Я сожалею, что не проверил его тщательно, прежде чем нанять на работу.
disapprove	19. Она никогда не одобряла того, что я подвергаю компанию такому большому риску.
proud	20. Их банк может гордиться тем, что выжил в условиях такой жесткой конкуренции.
good	21. Руководители должны хорошо уметь кратко определять суть проблемы.
capable	22. Ваша компания способна применить эти новые методы руководства?
try	23. Если моральные стимулы не действуют, попробуй поощрять своих рабочих премиями.
worth	24. Этот проект стоит реализовать.
need	25. Этот документ надо откорректировать.
persist	26. Если вы будете продолжать добиваться своих целей, вы в конце концов достигнете успеха.
conscious	27. Он-то сам осознает то, что его бизнес провалился?
accuse	28. Они обвинили меня в том, что я уделяю слишком мало внимания поиску средств.
be unaware	29. Он не знал, что его повысили.
angry	30. Она рассердилась на то, что ее так сильно критикуют за то, что она подавляет своих подчиненных.

16. GERUND: review

16.1. Determine the type of the verbal and its syntactic function:

1. Lying there in the sun gave me a quiet satisfaction.

2. How do you think I can write these letters with the children jumping about all the time.

3. He felt embarrassed at being the center of attention.

4. I was looking forward to seeing her again.

5. Can you smell something burning?

6. A falling branch startled the boy.

7. There’s no hope of curing him.

8. After watching the ceremony, we went to the local pub for a couple of beers.

9. When buying a hat, you should also consider the price.

10. Being intelligent as well as unscrupulous, he is very dangerous.

11. Considering his age, he has done very well.

12. Thus passed a month, each day making life more and more unbearable.

13. All he cared about was getting the job done.

14. They came hurrying into the garden.

15. I intend going into politics.

16. Your words do not sound encouraging.

17. She went out by the door leading to the lounge.

18. Speaking in public was always rather difficult for him.

19. It was very nice having you to tea last Wednesday.

20. Are you in the habit of smoking?

16.2. Translate into English using gerunds.

1. У меня нет надежды увидеть его скоро.

2. Идея провести каникулы в деревне принадлежит моему брату.

3. Доктор велел ей избегать сидеть на солнце.

4. Я поблагодарил его за то, что он купил мне такие интересные книги.

5. Он не в состоянии перевести такой трудный текст.

6. Нет смысла делать эту работу сейчас.

7. Она была сердита на него за то, что он потерял ее словарь.

8. Я не могу пойти туда, не предупредив родителей.

9. Я не выношу его привычку курить перед завтраком.

10. Я с нетерпением жду, когда вы приедете в Россию.

11. Я слышал о том, что он назначен главным управляющим.

12. Я не возражаю, чтобы они приехали сюда.

13. Я был разочарован тем, что они отказались помочь мне.

14. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы мне предоставили объяснения в письменной форме.

15. Мало надежды, что он закончит эту работу к 7 часам.

16. Он возражает против того, чтобы собрание назначили на понедельник.

17. Кто отвечает за то, чтобы работу выполнили вовремя?

18. Он не отрицал того, что их компания постоянно занижала свои доходы.

19. Можешь представить, как я явлюсь к ней после всего, что было?

20. Ее очень раздражало то, что ее начальник каждое утро спрашивал о ее самочувствии.

Exercise 16.3. Recast the following sentences so as to use predicative constructions with the gerund instead of subordinate clauses and infinitives. Add prepositions if necessary.

1. "He's a dear little man," said she. "I'd no idea you knew him."

2. After he left his friends at the Institute he bought copies of the early editions of the post.

3. Aminer insisted that I should stay at his home.

4. As we drove away he suggested that we should return by train.

5. Do you mind if I take your dictionary.

6. Do you think father would mind if we go to the park now?

7. He barely skimmed through his next letter before he handed it over to Raymond.

8. He went on and did not pay any attention to her interruption.

9. I am still a little afraid to be late.

10. I was annoyed because they shouted so loud.

11. Julia mentioned that they should go down.

12. Laura remembered she had left that umbrella standing in the corner.

13. Linda was surprised. She had no idea that he was good at mathematics.

14. Philip was tired because he talked too much.

15. She bowed her head but she did not speak.

16. She insisted we should put off our conference.

17. She remembered that Charles had once said to her that the origin of poetry was emotion.

18. She suggested that Philip should pass himself off as her brother.

19. Tom understood that he had seen Jane before but he did not recognize her.

20. When he entered the room, he addressed Alee Warner without preliminaries.

Exercise 16.4. Use the required form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary.

1. "I don't see the use ... (to read) the same thing over and over again," said Philip.

2. "I'm not very good ... (to guess)," I said, with a laugh.

3. "That child needs ... (to take) care of," said Eliza.

4. And then a minute or two afterwards someone else entered the room and expressed his surprise ... (to find) Griffiths there.

5. Ann was such a friendly, pretty child, few people could resist ... (to talk) to her.

6. But I can't tell you how grateful I am to you ... (to listen) to me. I had to talk about it and it was so kind of you to listen.

7. Dad would not dream ... (to say) such a thing to anyone.

8. Did he suspect her ... (to see) him enter the room?

9. He felt that life was worth ... (to take) care of.

10. He was looking forward ... (to take) the tickets.

11. His heart sank at the thought ... (to go) out into the bleak darkness.

12. His mother would not like the idea ... (to eat) fruit unwashed.

13. I had not asked for advice, I was quite capable ... (to advise) myself.

14. It would be better to wait for him on the terrace where she was fond ... (to sit) toward evening and (to enjoy) the view of which she was never tired.

15. Jane, your nose wants ... (to blow).

16. Miss Brodie was greatly taken aback and suffered greatly from a sense ... (to betray).

17. She began to have frightful pains all over her, and she held her breath to prevent herself ... (to cry) out and (to wake) her mother.

18. She had the local habit ... (to place) the word "eh" at the end of her remarks, questions and answers alike.

19. She was on the point ... (to obtain) permission to go for walks alone.

20. Thank you ... (to give) me this book.

21. That's no reason... (to give up).

22. The baby was round and very red, with dark curly hair. "Fancy her ... (to have) hair. I thought they were born bald," said Raymond.

23. The night seemed very long. He shivered. He was ashamed ... (to sleep) on the Embankment.

24. This was Daphne's only chance ... (to tell) them of her college life.

16.5. Put infinitives in the necessary form, add prepositions.

In tonight's edition of Reflections we resume (to discuss) the problems of long-term-prisoners. We risked (to take) our cameras into several prisons, and our first interview is with a man we’ll call "Harry", although that is not his real name.

He ventured (to speak) to Chloe West about his career in crime.

Chloe: Harry, you're serving a five year sentence _____ robbery with violence.

Harry: That's right.

Chloe: Perhaps you could begin _____ telling us about your early life.

Harry: Yeah... Well, I grew up in South London. I was _____ my own a lot; see, my mother used (to work) down the fish market, and my dad - well, he couldn’t stand (to be) so poor and ran off when I was just a nipper.

Chloe: Did you try (to have) any friends?

Harry: Oh, yeah. All the kids from our street used (to meet up) at the coffee bar. There was one at the end of the road. We didn't have much money, so we used to (hang round) there all day. We were never much used (to go) to the cinema, or (to dance), or anything like that. We couldn't afford (to do) it.

Chloe: What did you use (to do) there?

Harry: Oh, now I just remember (to sit) around and (to listen) to the juke box. Nothing special.

Chloe: When did you start (to get) into trouble?

Harry: I suppose I was fourteen, something like that. My friends were _____ the habit _____ going shop-lifting at Woollies ...Woolworth's, and one day we were caught _____ the act. I ended up _____ Borstal Prison.

Chloe: You mean, they recommended (to send) you to Borstal _____ a charge _____ shop-lifting?!!

Harry: Well, yeah. After the fourth time ... and I had to admit (to beat up) several old ladies.

Chloe: You practiced (to beat up) old ladies?

Harry: Well, only when I was trying (to rob) them.

Chloe: Do you now regret (to beat them up) and (to rob them)?

Harry: Yeah... Kinda...

Chloe: Perhaps you'd agree (to tell) me about your life in prison.

Harry: I suppose the worst thing is (to be) shut up all the time. Yeah, and I can't endure (to get) up at 5.30, either. I just can't get used (to do) that, even though I've been here more than three years. You see, before I came here I liked (to stay) in bed all morning. I could afford (to do) it. I was on night work, you see.

Chloe: Night work?

Harry: Mmm. Burglary, mostly. Hah-ha. I caught you there. I can't get used (to go) to bed at eight, either.

Chloe: Harry, if you don't mind (I, to say) so, a lot of viewers can’t resist (to think) _____ you as an enemy of society.

Harry: Well, that's fair enough. But I've acknowledged (to do) a lot of things. I've spent a lot of time thinking. Of course, I could keep on (to steal) things, but then I won’t avoid (to spend) half my life behind bars. I'm serious _____ going straight this time, don't you worry.

Chloe: What do you intend (to do) when you get out?

Harry: I take much interest _____ working on motor-bikes. I consider (to study) it more seriously, and I plan (to qualify) as a mechanic.

Chloe: Do you think you wont’ have trouble (to get) a job?

Harry: That's a bit of a problem. People are scared _____ employing someone with a record like mine, you know, _____ fear they won’t give up (to steal).

Chloe: How do you hope (to overcome) that?

Harry: I'm planning _____ working for my brother. He tried (to do) many things in his life, but now he's got a motor-bike shop.

Chloe: So, you determined (to work) for your brother?

Harry: That's right. I tell you, I won't be back. I'm not going to risk (to waste) another five years. I simply can’t imagine (to be) in prison again.

Chloe: Well, I wish you luck, Harry.

Harry: Thanks.

Part II. SYNTAX

1. SYNTAX. SIMPLE SENTENCE. SUBJECT.

A. Simple sentence. Classification

According to the purpose of the utterance:

1. declarative, or : a. _____________, b. negative;

2. , or questions: a. general (yes/no-questions), b. special

(wh-questions), c. alternative (or-questions), d. disjunctive (tag-questions);

3. , or commands;

4. , or

Exercise 1.1. Define the type of the sentence.

Presently, looking along the road, Kezia saw two little dots. Now she could see that they were the Kelveys. “Hello,” she said to the passing Kelveys. “You can come and see our doll’s house if you want to.” But at that Lil turned red and shook her head quickly. “Why not?” asked Kezia. Lil gasped, then she said, “Your ma told our ma you wasn’t to speak to us.” - “Oh, well,” said Kezia. She didn’t know what to reply. “It doesn’t matter… Come on. Nobody’s looking. … Don’t you want to?” asked Kezia… Kezia led the way. Like two little stray cats they followed across the courtyard to where the doll’s house stood. “I’ll open it for you,” said Kezia kindly. She undid the hook and they looked inside. “There’s the drawing-room and the dining-room and that’s the - “ “Kezia!” Oh, what a start they gave!… It was Aunt Beryl’s voice. “Run away, children, run away at once.”

(K.Mansfield)

Exercise 1.2. Define the type of the sentence.

Isn’t it gorgeous weather?! (______) Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much shame. (______) How kind you are. (______) This way, sir. (______) So that’s your little game, is it? (______) You realize what the risks are? (______) Wasn’t it a marvelous concert?! (______) Somebody open this door, please. (______) Do come tomorrow again, will you? (______) Who knows? (______) Boy! Am I hungry! (______) Mary stand over there. (______) What difference does it make? (______) Will you shut the door, please? (______) Is no one going to defend me? (______) I wonder whether you would mind putting it on the table. (______) Don’t let anyone fool himself that he can get away with it (______) Let’s all work hard. (______) If anyone shrinks from this action, let him speak now. (______) I’ve spoken to hardly anyone who disagrees with me. (______) Do have some more sherry. (______) How I used to hate geography. (______) Why get so upset? (______) What an enormous crowd came! (______) What about the house? (______) How about joining us? (______) How do you do? (______) Out with it. (______) To think I was once a millionaire. (______) You and your statistics! (______) Suffice it to say we lost. (______) Bless you. (______) Do we care? (______)

Exercise 1.3. Make sentences negative. Mind the italicized words.

We had some lunch today. I was speaking to someone. I saw him somewhere. She was somehow surprised. They sometimes visit us. He helped to some extent. They have arrived already. John is coming too. He’s still there. He saw one or the other of them. Let someone do it instead of you. Let’s go watch some video.

Exercise 1.4. Choose the correct and explain your choice.

No one has ever said (something / anything) to (one / either) of us. Not many of the refugees have (somewhere / anywhere) to live (already / yet). He has promised that (some / any) of you will be released (already / yet). I seldom get (some / any) sleep. Only two of us had (some / any) experience at sailing. Can I have (some / any) milk in my coffee, please? Will (someone / anyone) help me, please? May I give you (some / any) more tea? On the whole, my answers were correct, though I could not answer (some / any) of his questions. Come (some / any) day you like. “Do you want me to buy (some / any) newspaper for you? Which one?” - “(Some / Any) will do.” Is there (some / any) chance of seeing (some / any) of his pictures? He left without saying good-bye to (some / any) of us. They spoke French with hardly (some / any) accent. Would you like (something / anything) to eat. (Something / Anything) else, sir?

Exercise 1.5. Supply the necessary tag.

There isn’t much time left, … I didn’t see any birds, … Never again will I make that mistake, … Stop arguing, … Each of us knew about that, … She scarcely seems to care, … He was unaware of any hostility, … Every person has some opinion, … I’m late, … Open the door, … There was never any talk about it, … Don’t be late, … Let’s go for a walk, … Let him do it tomorrow, …I don’t suppose he cares, … There was a desk on the platform, … Everyone has been told what to do, …They were hardly interested, …

Exercise 1.6 Translate.

Разве вы не любите теннис? Вы не любите теннис? Неужели ваша сестра не знает об этом? Ваша сестра не знает об этом? Разве он не в институте сейчас? Он не в институте сейчас? Разве вы еще не написали письмо? Вы не написали письмо?

Exercise 1.7. Make the sentences exclamatory using “so/such” or “how/what”. Start with “My Goodness! Boy! My!”, etc.

You are a child. The path was very narrow. She sang easily and well. The baby had big brown eyes. She spoke angrily, twisting a wet handkerchief in her hands. They ran noiselessly. She was always kind to me. The leaves of the maples are turning red and yellow. He told us a very personal story. She looked rather angry. It was a tiring day. It was a relief to everybody to hear it. It sounds exciting. It sounds like an exciting adventure.

According to the structure:

1. two-member sentences: a. complete, b. elliptical;

2. one-member sentences: a. nominal, b. predicative (usually, commands)

Exercise 1.8. Define the structure of the sentence:

He couldn’t help smiling. (______) Dusk - of a summer night. (______) Freedom! Bells ringing out, flowers, kisses, wine. (______) Best to forget all about her. (______) What were you doing? - Drinking. (______) It’s a wonderful picture, Mr.Green. What a type! (______) “Can’t kick my heels here for ever,” thought Soames. (______) Out with it! (______) I’m sure Dr.Sheppard will see me. He must. (______) The dull pain and the life slowly dripping out of him. (______) “Any more new patients?” called Nurse Lake. (______) No! To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price. (______) Youth! Beauty! Novelty! They are badly wanted in this house! (______) Anything else? (______) To die out there - lonely, wanting them, wanting home! (______) Everybody upstairs! (______) Can’t expect the girl to know by instinct. Too little experience. (______) Winter! (______) Are you angry? - I’m not. (______) Waiting for the bus? (______) The Boss in? (______) Two cups of coffee, please. (______)

“Why did you leave the baby in that mill?” - “Out of the rain.” - “In her pram?” - “Naturally. She was asleep.” …The mystery was awful and complete. Abandoned perambulator! Total disappearance of the baby! Horror! Martyrdom! Death!

B. Principal Parts of the Sentence. Subject.

Exercise 1.9. Find the subject and say what it is expressed by.

1. The sulky waiter brought my tea.

2. Marcellus slowly turned his head.

3. Ada’s is a noble heart.

4. We heard Montgomery shouting my name.

5. That set me thinking of my plan of action.

6. Both wanted the job and neither agreed to compromise.

7. All were clad in the same silky material.

8. One cannot read without commas and periods.

9. Anyone can be silent for a minute.

10. Everyone come here.

11. Theirs is not a very comfortable lodging.

12. Who tore the book?

13. The unusual should never be confused with the impossible.

14. The wounded were taken good care of.

15. Two are company and three are not.

16. The two were quite unable to do anything.

17. The first and fourth stood beside him in the water.

18. To live is to work.

19. To be a rich man is not always roses and beauty.

20. For him to come was impossible.

21. It was hard for her to hear those bitter words.

22. Lying doesn’t go well with me.

23. Winning the war is what counts.

24. It’s useless speaking to her now.

25. It’s raining too hard for me to go out.

26. Annette’s being French might upset him a little.

27. On is a preposition.

28. No is his usual reply to any request.

29. My lord and lady have been called away.

30. My lord and master has been called away.

31. Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.

32. There’s a lot of truth in what he said.

33. How to get there is another matter.

34. What you decide is nothing to me.

35. It is strange that you should have heard nothing.

36. She was sure to succeed.

37. The lock was found broken.

Exercise 1.10. Analyze the kinds of the sentences.

Laura was terribly nervous. Tossing the velvet ribbon over her shoulder, she said to a woman standing by, “Is this Mrs.Scott’s house?” and the woman, smiling queerly, said, “It is, my lass.” Oh, to be away from this! She actually said, “Help me, God!” as she walked up the tiny path and knocked. To be away from these staring eyes, or to be covered up in anything, one of those women’s shawls even! I’ll just leave the basket and go, she decided. I won’t even wait for it to be emptied.

Then the door opened. A little woman in black showed in the gloom.

Laura said, “So you are Mrs.Scott, are you.” But to her horror the woman said, “Walk in, please, miss,” and she was shut in the passage. “No,” said Laura, “I don’t want to come in. Will you please let me leave this basket?”

The little woman in the gloomy passage barely seemed to hear her. “Could you step this way, please,” she said in an oily voice, and Laura followed her.

Exercise 1.11. Analyze the structure of the sentences.

1. We must go to meet the bus. Wouldn’t do to miss it.

2. Obedient little trees, fulfilling their duty.

3. He knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived like a mole. Lived on his own fat like a bear in winter.

4. He wants to write a play for me. One act. One man. Decides to commit suicide.

5. A beautiful day, quite warm.

6. “What do you want?” - “Bandages, stuff for wounded.”

7. “How did he look?” - “Gray but otherwise much the same.” - “What about his daughter?” - “Pretty.”

8. And then the silent and the beauty of this camp at night. The stars. The mystic shadow water.

9. Garden at the Manor house. A flight of gray stone steps leads up to the house. The garden, an old-fashioned one, full of roses. Time of year, July. Basket chairs, and a table covered with books, are set under a large tree.

Exercise 1.12. Find and analyze the subject.

1. There was no sign of any of the other guests.

2. Something impersonal and humble in that action seemed to reassure the Consul.

3. Now, there is nothing intimate in sharing an umbrella.

4. The sight of them, so intent and so quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver.

5. What time is it? - Eight in the morning.

6. Still, the good of mankind was worth working for.

7. Sometimes the past injects itself into the present with a peculiar force.

8. Forgetting some things is a diffiicult matter.

9. To cross from one end to the other was difficult because of the water.

10. There was an eagerness and excitement in the faces of the men.

11. Let’s get out quick. It’s no good wasting time.

12. Yes, that did sound rather far-fetched and absurd.

13. To live on good terms with people one must share their work and interests.

14. These three deemed themselves the queens of the school.

15. Who knew these people. Who were they? What were they?

16. High and low all made fun of him.

17. It’s a point of discipline for a woman to look at her best.

18. And now his heir and nephew has begun to bid for his uncle’s favor.

19. It’s so cold, it’s almost freezing.

20. The boy was named Charlie.

2. SUBJECT (Cont’d).

“It” as Subject

1. Notional “It”:

a) personal The door opened. It opened slowly.(= the door)

b) demonstrative It was a large room.(= this, that)

2. Formal “It”

a) impersonal It often rains. It’s cold. It’s five past six. It seems...

b) introductory (anticipatory) It is no use denying the fact.

c) emphatic It was Winifred who went up to him.

Notice the difference between the formal “It” and “There” as subjects. “There” always introduces an indefinite or negative notional subject, and is used in EXISTENTIAL sentences (= in the meaning “there EXISTS...” or “there DOESN’T EXIST”, e.g. compare:

It’s no good arguing. (= Arguing is no good.)

There’s no good in arguing. (= No good exists in arguing.)

Exercise 2.1. Analyze the nature of “It”.

1. It was dusky in the dining-room and quite chilly.

2. The bell rang. It was lean, pale Eddie Warren in a state of acute distress.

3. Oh! Oh! Oh! It was a little house. It was a little pink house.

4. But in her bosom there was still that bright glowing place. It was almost unbearable.

5. She sat up, but she felt quite dizzy, quite drunk. It must have been the spring.

6. It was marvelous to be made love to like that.

7. It is the moon that makes you talk to yourself in that silly way.

8. It is very distressing to me, Sir, to give this information.

9. He took the path through the fields: it was pleasanter than the road.

10. If this is liberty, it isn’t going to mean a thing.

11. It was now almost four-thirty in the afternoon.

12. I took a good room. It was very big and light and looked out on the lake.

Exercise 2.2. Change the non-anticipatory constructions into anticipatory ones and vice versa.

1. Participating in the preliminary matches gives athletes the necessary confidence.

2. It was next to impossible to overcome his stubbornness.

3. Was it so very important having the script finished by the end of the month?

4. Watching the performances of these great actors opened for me new truths of life.

5. It’s a joy to see you under our roof.

6. It’s no use quarreling about the matter.

7. No seeing Cecil among the guests surprised me immensely.

8. To apply the rule of the thumb won’t do in this case.

9. Losing the game was a great disappointment.

10. Isn’t it a great advantage to have so weak a memory?

11. Pretending being older seems rather strange.

12. To be an expert in one’s field requires a lifetime of effort.

Exercise 2.3. Emphasize the highlighted words.

1. John wore his best suit to the dance last night.

2. John wore his best suit to the dance last night.

3. John wore his best suit to the dance last night.

4. John wore his best suit to the dance last night.

5. John washed his best suit last night.

6. I asked Frank to go there.

7. He is not allowed to go to the South because of his illness.

8. Leaves do not fall in May.

9. Orchards do not blossom in winter.

10. He had never asked for books by Greene until he read The Quiet American.

11. They hid the guns somewhere here.

12. We decided to return because he was ill.

Exercise 2.4. Translate using the emphatic “It”.

1. Это письмо написал совсем не мой брат.

2. Я вас просил взять из библиотеки вовсе не эту книгу.

3. Первым прочитал статью именно ваш приятель.

4. Я начал готовиться к экзаменам еще задолго до вашего приезда.

5. Я просил именно вашу подругу дать мне записи по грамматике.

6. Они стали изучать второй язык только, когда перешли на второй курс.

7. Именно в деревне вы сможете хорошо отдохнуть.

8. Только после того, когда больной начал принимать это лекарство, он начал поправляться.

9. Чашку разбила совсем не она.

10. Из всех произведений этого композитора мне нравится больше всего совсем не Двенадцатая симфония.

11. Мы условились провести каникулы в Европе еще до разговора с вами.

12. Впервые я услышал этот анекдот вовсе не от вашего супруга.

Exercise 2.5. “It” or “There”

1. … was no wind, but … was very cold, and … was no use going to the beach.

2. … was day already, and … was a ride in the country to look forward to, and … was lucky that … was still another day to spare.

3. Though … was light coming through the trees, … wasn’t light enough and … was difficult to read.

4. … was a great joy to get the news of our team’s victory, … was joy written all over everyone’s face, and … was a celebration ahead.

5. … was somebody in the house - … could be no mistake about it. … could be anybody. … was difficult to see through the steamy windows.

6. … is another letter from Polly, isn’t … fine? … is her sixth letter, and … is a lot of bitterness.

7. From now on, … will be no steady tendency for improvement. … should be another alternative still. … is always preferable to have more than one option to choose from.

8. … is just one more thing to add. … is no telling what may happen, so … is not much sense in planning, and … is no use scheduling events before we know for sure.

Complex Subject

1. Nominative With the Infinitive

a) with active verbs: seem, appear, happen, prove, turn out

b) with adjectives: be likely / sure / certain

c) with passive verbs of

sense perception: be seen, noticed, heard, etc.

mental activity: be thought, considered, supposed, expected, believed, etc.

restatement: be said, reported, announced, etc.

compulsion: be made, forced, caused, etc.

2. Nominative With the Participle

a) with active participles: be seen, heard, found, left, etc. doing sth.

b) with passive participles: be seen, heard, found, considered, left done

3. Other

be considered, named, elected, found, left (President, guilty, etc.)

Exercise 2.6. Paraphrase using a complex subject.

1. It seemed that he didn’t notice that I was in outdoor clothes.

2. It seemed that she had sensed the purpose of his question.

3. It appeared that George was talking to Mr.Smiss persuasively.

4. It appeared that the man had not heard my words. It seemed he was in a daze.

5. It was likely that he had hidden my journal under his mattress.

6. It was unlikely that she would come across him by accident.

7. It is quite likely that a car with two boys has been noticed.

8. It is hardly likely that he will come and see us soon.

9. It was known that Jack had been good at painting.

10. It will soon be reported that both space craft have landed successfully.

11. They say he used to be the best teacher at our school.

12. It happened that not everybody had taken the problem seriously.

Exercise 2.7. Transform complex objects into complex subjects.

1. She left him planting, digging and trimming.

2. They heard him lift the receiver and give the number.

3. He didn’t expect her to write often.

4. A voice on the stairs behind made us all start.

5. They found him guilty.

6. They heard his name called.

7. She saw his teeth gleaming in what must be a smile.

8. Simon shortly found her having coffee in the sitting-room.

9. They made her take piano classes.

10. They forced him to forget about his personality.

11. They noticed her cheeks blushing a little.

12. They elected him President.

Exercise 2.8. Translate.

1. Эксперимент оказался неудачным.

2. Около 11 часов мать случайно заглянула к ней в комнату.

3. Вчера мы случайно наткнулись на моего школьного приятеля.

4. Они, по-видимому, уже совершенно забыли его.

5. Он несомненно женится на ней.

6. Полагают, что эта рукопись написана в 15-м веке.

7. Этот скандал бесспорно вызовет панику на бирже.

8. Говорят, что золотистые волосы свидетельствуют о слабости характера.

9. Известно, что молодые люди без состояния часто находят богатых подружек.

10. Он вряд ли окончит свою работу в этом году.

11. Видно было, как всадник исчезал вдали.

12. Его заставили встать, одеться и следовать за полицией, которая вряд ли собиралась быстро отпустить его.

Exercise 2.9. Find and analyze subjects.

1. How funny it will seem if I fall right through the earth and come out among antipodes.

2. It was all dark overhead and in front of her there was a long passage.

3. There was nothing on the table except a tiny golden key.

4. Every day seemed to throw upon her young shoulders more of the family burden.

5. Five weeks later it was very hot and everybody took off all the clothes they had.

6. This is Whitehall. There used to be a palace here once. Now it is just a street.

7. The young people happened to meet the famous musician in the street.

8. A member of Parliament speaking in the House is not supposed to step beyond the carpet in front of the bench.

9. Strange as it may seem, the shouting “Who goes home?” is still heard in the house after a night debate.

10. It was nice to be back in the sunshine.

11. Office girls and businessmen could be seen taking tea side by side.

12. I’ll be sure to do that.

13. Pink is definitely not your color. Nobody over twenty should dream of wearing pink.

14. Two is enough, Jane. And the ones with whipped cream are much too rich for my liver.

15. Just talking about diets won’t help you lose weight.

16. Your letter is unlikely to reach its destination in time if it’s not today that you are going to post it.

17. The man’s staring so made me drop things and talk in an unnatural high voice.

18. It was her husband that suspected that Mrs.Heng was likely to be in love with the young man.

19. The lock was found broken.

20. The worst is yet to come.

3. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. PREDICATE

1. SIMPLE

A) a finite verb/phrasal verb in

a) synthetic verb form Who brought him up?

b) analytical verb form I would’ve seen him.

B) a phraseological unit with

a) aspect verbs He gave a cry. (I)

b) abstract nouns He made fun of us. (II)

2. COMPOUND

A) nominal with

a) “being/remaining” verbs He stood motionless. (III)

b) “becoming” verbs He grew pale. (IV)

B) verbal with

a) modal verbs He didn’t want to fight. (V)

b) aspect verbs It’s going to snow. (VI)

C) mixed

(I) Simple phraseological with aspect verbs

to have a smoke/swim, to give a laugh/push/cry, to take a look/risk, to make a move/start, etc.

(II) Simple phraseological with abstract nouns

to take part/place/care/pity…, to lose sight/patience/weight…, to make fun/use/trouble…, to get rid/hold…, to make up one’s mind, to change one’s mind, etc.

(III) Compound nominal with verbs of “being”

to be, remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, sit, lie, keep silent

to seem, appear, prove, turn out, sound, look, taste, smell, feel good

(IV) Compound nominal with verbs of “becoming”

to become, get, grow, turn, go forty

to return, come, come back, leave, fall, die, marry, be born penniless.

(V) Compound verbal with modal verbs and expressions

must, can, could, may, might, should, will/would (modal), be to, have to, ought to, need to do sth.

want, wish, desire, hope, expect, intend, be willing/anxious/able/capable/obliged to do sth

(VI) Compound verbal with aspective verbs and expressions

to begin, start, commence, set about, be going to do sth

to continue, go on, proceed doing sth, used to do, would do (for repeated actions)

to stop, finish, cease, give up doing sth

* Rules on gerunds and infinitives - see previous material.

Exercise 3.1. Find the predicate and define its type.

1. I’ll get in touch with you very soon.

2. The greater part of the boys came back low-spirited.

3. Her first thought was to go away.

4. He gave me an interesting book to read.

5. The man gave a violent start.

6. We are most anxious to cooperate.

7. This book is nobody’s.

8. I began to feel rather hungry.

9. First of all, we’ll have a drink.

10. Then he caught his breath, suddenly reminded of something else.

11. My cousin will make a very good husband.

12. She had to keep on resisting the impulse to turn around.

13. The best thing is for her to do it immediately.

14. The gate is locked. It has just been locked by my dad.

15. He had been thinking of letting him escape.

16. I stood amazed.

17. Don’t think I mean to be unkind.

18. His bones ceased to ache.

19. We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc.

20. Perhaps, I should grow a beard.

21. She had grown both too proud and too passive.

Functions of verbs

a) a notional verb simple pr.

b) an auxiliary / emphatic / substitute verb simple pr.

c) part of a phraseological unit simple pr.

d) a link-verb compound nominal pr.

e) a modal verb compound verbal pr.

Exercise 3.2. Comment on the function of the highlighted verb:

1. He blushed violently and looked away.

2. He looked stupid and good-natured and happy.

3. The moment was soothing to his sore spirit.

4. Nobody was soothing the crying baby.

5. I went to the bathroom and had a good wash.

6. She would’ve noticed that.

7. She said she’d never do it again.

8. I wish you would come to see us tonight.

9. Though he begged many times, his aunt wouldn’t give him the photograph.

10. He would lie on the couch and watch me doing things by the hour.

11. At moments he felt very close to her.

12. He felt great awe and admiration.

13. Philip stiffened in his chair, his face went tense.

14. On a misty January morning he went there once more.

15. As the director was ill, the documents were signed by his assistant.

16. When I came, the papers were signed and lay on the secretary’s desk.

17. He was lying flat on his back looking up into the eternal blue of the sky.

18. He was lying on the floor thinking about tomorrow’s meeting.

Link-verbs are used with ADJECTIVES (compound nominal pr.)

Notional verbs are used with ADVERBS (simple pr.)

Use the following transformation to check:

He sat (silent, silently ?). à sat - can be used as link verb, so both are possible

if the idea is “He was silent”, then “He sat silent.” - sat = was

if the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”

In this sentence sat = was, thus à He sat silent.

Exercise 3.3. Adjective or adverb.

1. She could turn her head (slow, slowly). 2. The air smelled (sweet, sweetly), larks sang. 3. Alex’s eyes flashed (angry, angrily). 4. The dust lay (thick, thickly) on the country road. 5. He went (cold, coldly). 6. The clouds hung (heavy, heavily). 7. He came home (furious, furiously). 8. Nicola looked (quick, quickly) at Lawrie, but she looked (indifferent, indifferently). 9. The morning dawned (clear, clearly) and (bright, brightly). 10. He felt (hot, hotly) when Lewis appeared (quiet, quietly) behind his back, though so far it appeared (normal, normally). 11. She awakened (hungry, hungrily) and her morning conversation did not go very (easy, easily). 12. Don’t look (sad, sadly), my little girl. It renders me (unhappy, unhappily).

Exercise 3.4. Translate using link-verbs for highlighted words.

1. Солнце всходило яркое над снежным простором. 2. Он вбежал в комнату возбужденный, и мы притихли, ожидая новостей. 3. Она стояла неподвижно на ступеньках, вспоминая вчерашнее и постепенно мрачнея. 4. Старик сидел в своем кресле прямой и молчаливый. 5. Его сын вернулся из плавания взрослым мужчиной. 6. Дым висел над лесом, черный и тяжелый. 7. Сосна стояла высокая и одинокая на вершине скалы. 8. Дети прибежали домой промокшие до нитки. 9. Всю ночь она лежала без сна и ждала его звонка. 10. Огромный зверь упал без движения. 11. Она покраснела, потом почернела и рухнула замертво на холодный пол. 12. Он родился глухим.

Exercise 3.5. Infinitive or gerund.

1. My job is (treat) everyone alike, and (be) courteous, even when passengers are not. 2. But the difficulty was (find) an excuse for absence from home. 3. The place was cheerful and relaxing, it was like (be) warm in bed. 4. My idea was (demand) a fuller explanation. 5. All you can do is (obey). 6. His request meant (go) further than I meant (go). 7. The only thing to do was (explain) who she was. 8. He didn’t know what to say, it was like (meet) an unknown brother. 9. All he wanted to do was (sit) and (dream). 10. To love John was like (burn) alive. 11. The first objective was (find) ourselves a suitable house to live in. 12. To say that you’re a fool is (put) it very mildly. 13. The loss of his job meant (be) poor again. 14. One of the first things he did was (telephone) his brother. 15. I didn’t mean (hurt) you.

Exercise 3.6. Find and analyze predicates.

1. It seemed to me that something was wrong.

2. Now in sleep, he seemed to look thinner than she considered him to be.

3. His feet seemed unwilling to carry him.

4. Jesse kept silent.

5. I kept glancing at my watch.

6. What keeps them dancing till five in the morning.

7. Tell him he must come dead or alive.

8. His dreams came true.

9. Soon I came to realize how wrong I had been.

10. The sheep came flocking into the barn.

11. The state of the patient continued to be grave.

12. They continued their work paying no attention to the slashing rain.

13. The tone of his voice continued dry and cold.

14. The band had been having a rest.

15. We had lunch at a quarter to one.

16. You don’t know what you can do until you try.

17. You do love me, don’t you, darling?

18. What have you been doing lately?

19. Don’t cry! And you’ll fall asleep in no time.

20. At last the dogs fell on each other with terrible fury.

Exercise 3.7. Adjective or adverb.

1. Catherine smiled at me very (happy, happily). 2. Two weeks later, I felt very (good, well) myself. 3. I felt (terrible, terribly) when he said it. 4. Suddenly, he turned (giddy, giddily). 5. He sounded (brisk, briskly) and (cheerful, cheerfully). 6. It will sound (strange, strangely). 7. The hay smelled (good, well). 8. Ben fell back (clumsy, clumsily) on the edge of the water-line. 9. I write English (bad, badly). 10. He was looking at me (intent, intently). 11. The pistol felt (heavy, heavily) on the belt. 12. He received the message (mute, mutely). 13. I thought he looked (suspicious, suspiciously).

Exercise 3.8. Translate using the compound nominal predicate.

1. Она выбрала стул с прямой спинкой, и он оказался удобнее других.

2. В конце выступления его голос звучал странно.

3. Тишина стала гнетущей.

4. Он старался казаться бодрым и оживленным, но чувствовал себя совсем больным.

5. Софья оставалась молчаливой весь вечер.

6. Заброшенный колодец совсем высох.

7. Дверь распахнулась, и на пороге появился Майкл.

8. Сохраняйте спокойствие, ничего особенного не произошло.

9. Ткань была мягкой и шелковистой на ощупь.

10. Когда я окрикнул его, он побледнел, как смерть.

11. Он незаметно стоял на пороге, наблюдая, как она прячет письмо.

12. Я вошел в библиотеку здоровым человеком, а выполз оттуда несчастным калекой.

13. Ворота с грохотом захлопнулись за их спиной.

14. Жених проснулся, не понимая, где он находится.

15. Дорога протянулась белой лентой по равнине.

4. COMPOUND PREDICATE (Cont’d)

GERUND or INFINITIVE in the compound verbal (aspect) predicate

BOTH: begin, start, continue, cease

GERUND ONLY: go on, keep (on), complete, finish, quit, stop, give up

Notice the difference:

She stopped talking. (= finished, “talking” - part of a compound verbal predicate)

She stopped to talk. (= in order to talk, “to talk” is an adverbial modifier of purpose)

Exercise 4.1. Gerund or infinitive.

1. The child stopped (cry).

2. His time was up, but he still went on (talk).

3. You keep (say) things in Latin, though you know I can’t understand.

4. Please quit (whistle), I’m beginning (feel) sick.

5. After saying a few words about the author, the lecturer went on (speak) of his works.

6. The young man stopped (help) the old woman lift a heavy parcel.

7. We left our house at 12 o’clock. At three we stopped (have) a short rest.

8. He had just finished (strap) up a suitcase.

9. He stopped (write) something in his pad and went on (walk).

10. In the second part of his book, the writer goes on (describe) the economic crisis of the 20s, this time - from the political perspective.

11. He would not stop (ask) questions until he thought he was clear about everything.

12. Stop (talk)!

13. We called him, but he didn’t even stop (turn) his head.

14. After a brief historical analysis, she went on (outline) recent tendencies in the industry.

SUBJECT - PREDICATE INVERSION

Full inversion (NEVER WITH PRONOUNS!!! except Case 3):

1. adv.modifier of place or nominal predicative

On a chair stood a black case.

Equally inexplicable was his behavior towards his son.

2. so, thus, now, then, here, in, out, down, away

Now was the moment to act.

Here comes my brother John.

Suddenly in popped the landlady.

3. when introducing direct speech

Says Mr.Hinley, “The celebration was a flop.”

Auxiliary inversion (POSSIBLE WITH PRONOUNS):

1. “So do I” sentences

I worked hard and so did the others.

2. negative adv.modifiers: never, little, in vain, hardly, scarcely, ONLY

Only once did he see his cousin.

3. adv.modifier of manner

So beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause.

Exercise 4.2. Find the subject and the predicate and change the inverted word-order into regular.

1. Only once had Lanny been angry.

2. On the very top of the hill lives a hermit.

3. Not for one moment did he hesitate to accept the proposal.

4. Well did I remember Mrs.Reed’s face, and I eagerly sought the familiar image.

5. Curious mind is his.

6. In went the sun and down came the rain.

7. Before him lay a splendid garden, full of blossom and scent.

8. Worse than their dread of mistake or fraud was their dread of seeming to distrust each other.

9. Only by watching the bubbles glide away from her could you detect the yacht’s motion.

10. Not only will these measures not help the situation, they will make it all the more complicated.

Exercise 4.3. Respond with “So do I” to the teacher's statements.

Exercise 4.4. Replace the highlighted nouns with the pronouns and vice versa.

1. Out rushed a woman with a cry. 2. Here is the place. 3. The band began to play, and off went the pairs. 4. There was a knock on the door, and in came the doctor. 5. Down fell the vase with a crash.

1. Open burst the gate, and in it rolled (the coach). 2. Up it flew, and we were soon high above the city (the machine). 3. And down he went a captive, a hopeless prisoner, at last (the mustang). 4. Now it comes (our turn). 5. And out they walked into the daylight, blinking, chattering, laughing (the miners).

Exercise 4.5. Put the correct forms of the verbs in brackets in the correct place.

1. Nowhere else the significance of love ever itself in such extreme forms as in his novels (manifest).

2. Not only Shalyapin an outstanding singer (be), but he was also a brilliant actor.

3. It was very little that Soames found to say, nor he Irene responsive to that little (find).

4. But it did little to cheer me up, so I by this terrible and unforeseen catastrophe (be overwhelmed).

5. And most pathetic the melody of his long forgotten Southern dialect (be).

6. Crisp and fresh the morning air (be).

7. And there in his forehead, the Yellow Diamond (gleam).

8. On Sunday at one-thirty the important family dinner (serve), to which usually one or another of the various local or visiting friends of the family (invite).

9. Near the house a woman he did not know at all (stand).

10. Out they (go), and out the horses (come), up the whip (rise), and off they (rattle).

11. The Mayor would not resign. Neither he to the citizens asking for help (go).

Exercise 4.6. Emphasize the highlighted parts using ONLY.

1. Soccer became really popular in America after the Olympics.

2. They will not proceed to the next item until the first one has been discussed in detail.

3. Clyde thought that by getting rid of Roberta he could marry Sondra.

4. He had a good memory for what concerned him.

5. We can entrust you with this task.

6. I recognized the place when I came up to the river.

7. You will improve your pronunciation by reading outloud.

Exercise 4.7. Translate into English using inverted word-order.

1. Никогда наш город не выглядел таким красивым, как теперь.

2. Только когда он понял, что музыка его настоящее призвание, он принял решение бросить писать пьесы.

3. Тщетно пытался отец уговорить его продолжать жить с Анной - он настаивал на разводе.

4. Стив знал, что он получит наследство не раньше, чем когда ему исполнится 40 лет.

5. Не раз Том пытался обмануть свою тетушку, но она никогда не переставала разоблачать его проделки.

6. Я не только читал эту книгу, но и смотрел сделанный по ней фильм.

7. Вдалеке за полем виднелись огни большого города.

8. Переправляться на лошадях через бурный поток было не только опасно, но почти невозможно.

9. Вверх взвились сверкающие ракеты.

10. Не успели мы выйти, как он сразу же перестал спорить и кричать.

11. Вот еще несколько примеров, подтверждающих их предположение.

12. Редко доводилось им чувствовать себя так радостно и легко.

13. Его доводы не убедили меня. Да они и никого не убедили.

14. Он не поздоровался со мной и даже не подал вида, что знает меня.

15. Едва поезд отошел от станции, как между нами завязалась оживленная беседа.

Exercise 4.8. Find and analyze subjects and predicates.

1. The poor were beginning to look more miserable.

2. Drilling can make a good teacher.

3. To deny the past is to deny the future.

4. It would be wonderful for you to stay with us.

5. Very often It is vital to delegate authority.

6. For her to quit smoking can hardly be possible.

7. Many died a hero.

8. The government was reported to reject the idea. It was not willing to cooperate.

9. No one seemed to have noticed his escape.

10. The light came gray and pale.

11. (my hobby is dancing and) His is collecting stamps.

12. Everybody was not themselves today.

13. There are said to be those who are “unfit for living”.

14. There’s no letting him go.

15. His walking out of the room was quite unexpected.

16. Everything appeared very grand and imposing to me.

17. He would say again and again that it would be hot to start at noon.

18. Seeing is believing.

19. It was unlucky that she happened to be so tired

20. There’s unlikely to be anybody to help us.

5. SUBJECT-PREDICATE AGREEMENT

The sentences below will help you review the most important rules of subject-predicate agreement:

Exercise 5.1.

Countable

There (is / are) two clean shirts in your bottom drawer.

There (stands / stand) three young men

There (‘s / ‘re) too many of them living up there.

Few (is / are) expected to remain here in the summer.

None of the children (goes / go) to school today.

A large number of cars (was / were) parked on the lot.

The number of books missing from the library (is / are) large.

The majority of people (is / are) little moved by this sight.

The majority (was / were) in favor of the proposal.

Many an artist (comes / come) here every day.

The barracks (was / were) quite new.

New aircraft (has / have) been already ordered.

We came to the crossroads that (was / were) described in the guide book.

Offspring (is / are) usually more brilliant than parents.

The deer (is / are) hunted in the fall.

Zebra (is / are) a difficult prey.

Television series nowadays (is / are) simply atrocious.

Uncountable

Acoustics (is / are) the science of sound.

The acoustics in the new concert hall (is / are) faultless.

Ceramics (is / are) very popular in our area.

Cards (is / are) a compulsive game.

Two thirds of the swampland (has / have) been reclaimed as a recreation area.

Politics (is / are) much more difficult than physics.

What (is / are) your politics?

In our church the clergy (does / do) not marry.

The cattle (was / were) not allowed to graze freely.

Collective

How (is / are) your family?

The Durham family (was / were) at the breakfast, father, mother and babies.

The majority (has / have) supported the incumbent.

The band (was / were) beginning to play.

The band (was / were) to be our guests for the night.

The headquarters of the company (is / are) located in Brussels.

Units

Another five minutes (goes / go) by.

All this effort and sacrifice (has / have) not helped.

A hi-fi set and a case of soap (was / were) the first prize in the beauty contest.

Fifty-six dollars (was / were) stolen from the cash register.

Twenty-one years (is / are) a long time.

Twenty divided by five (equals / equal) four.

The wife and mother (was / were) asked before the plan was made.

To labor in peace and to devote her life to her son (was / were) all she sought.

The bread and the butter (makes / make) a nice lunch.

Names

“Great Expectations” (was / were) written by Dickens.

The United States (was / were) very much interested in this region.

And-connectors

There was no bright sunset; west and east (was / were) one cloud.

Both the students and the teacher (has / have) come.

And here (was / were) experience and culture.

There (was / were) standing a desk and three chairs.

Reading Ibsen and solving equations (is / are) difficult assignments.

The red and the white rose (is / are) both beautiful.

Hot and cold water (was / were) supplied in every room.

Classical and light music (has / have) both their admirers.

Or-connectors

Neither Helen nor I (am / is / are) planning to attend the conference.

Not only all the teachers but even the director herself (was / were) shocked.

As well as

Mr.Henry, together with his wife and children, (plans / plan) to visit Crater Lake.

An engine with a number of cars (was / were) creeping up the hill.

Every

Each of the answers (is / are) correct.

Either of the answers (is / are) correct.

It’s necessary to involve every man, woman and child who (is / are) willing to help.

None of us (understands / understand) it.

All (was / were) in favor of the plan.

Antecedents

He is one of those boys who (is / are) always willing to take on another task.

Who (was / were) supposed to apply to her for permission?

Who (was / were) to be the subjects of their piracies?

Clauses

Where you found him (does / do) not concern me.

What were once precious manuscripts (was / were) scattered all over the floor.

What I say and what I do (is / are) my own affair.

It is...

It (was / were) only English girls who could be trusted to travel alone.

It (is / are) they who (is / are) responsible for the delay.

Exercise 5.2. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. My school-mate and my new fellow-student (has, have) met at my place lately.

2. Our old teacher and friend (is, are) dangerously ill.

3. Our old teacher and our young friend (is, are) dangerously ill.

4. When (is, are) your grandson and your granddaughter coming to see you?

5. The family (was, were) sitting round the table.

6. A number of people (was, were) standing on the river bank.

7. The number of books in my library (has, have) increased.

8. "The two Gentlemen of Verona" (is, are) a comedy by Shakespeare.

9. The red and green plaid (is, are) on the sofa.

10. The gray and the black puppy (was, were) sleeping on the rug.

11. The cattle (was, were) grazing in the field.

12. Twenty rubles (is, are) not much for this nice coat.

13. The wounded (was, were) transported to the hospital.

14. The works (consists of, consist of) different shops.

Exercise 5.3. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the verb. Sometimes, two variants are possible.

1. Another three meters (to be) bought for the girl's dress.

2. Each and every one of you (to be) good.

3. Presently all (to be) quiet again.

4. It (to be) I who (to be) on duty today.

5. I (to be) afraid it (to be) you, Tom, who (to be) in the way.

6. Three and a half dollars a day (to be) not a lot of money.

7. Either of the books (to be) interesting.

8. There (to be) lots of history and biography.

9. There (to be) a lot in what you say.

10. There (to be) a dozen people there.

11. The police, of course, (to be) helpless.

12. He thought, that the remainder of the crowd, who (to be) waiting downstairs, could not hear him.

13. The French (to see) these things differently from us.

14. How foolish the old (to be), thinking they can tell what the young (to feel).

15. Have some bread and butter. The bread and butter (to be) on the counter.

16. A box as well as a book (to be stolen).

17. None of them (to be going) to get against me.

18. The Himalayas (to be) the eastern end of a great series of folded mountains.

19. The works (to be) to be closed.

20. The ten years he had lived in the North (to have changed) him greatly.

21. My brother as well as I (to be) ready to accompany you to the station.

22. There's just one or two little things that (to be worrying) me, doctor.

23. Every man, woman, and child in the city (to be) there.

24. The majority of the people (to have) their minds made up.

Exercise 5.4. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. Huckleberry's hard pantings _____his only reply. (was, were) (Twain)

2. There _____ many a true word spoken in jest, Mr.Cokane. (is, are) (Show)

3. On such meetings five minutes _____ the time allotted to each speaker. (was, were) (London)

4. It was dark and quiet. Neither moon nor stars _____ visible. (was, were) (Collins)

5. To be the busy wife of a busy man, to be the mother of many children _____, to his thinking, the highest lot of woman. (was, were) (Trollope)

6. "Well," says my lady, "_____ the police coming?" (is, are) (Collins)

7. She is supposed to have all the misfortunes and all the virtues to which humanity _____ subject, (is, are) (Trollope)

8. Ratterer and Hegglund, as well as most of the others, _____satisfied that there was not another place in all Kansas City that was really as good. (was, were) (Dreiser)

9. There _____ a great many ink bottles. (was, were) (Dickens)

10. It was as if the regiment _____ half in khaki, half in scarlet and bearskins. (was, were) (Galsworthy)

11. There _____ a number of men present. (was, were) (Walpole)

Exercise 5.5. Analyze the subject and the predicate.

1. On her going to his house to thank him, he happened to see her through a window.

2. To describe one's character is difficult and not necessarily illuminating.

3. Nothing seemed to matter.

4. To be wanted is always good.

5. I came to know many Negroes, men and women.

6. Elaine, this ill-advised behavior of yours is beginning to have results.

7. They must have gone through the service doors into the kitchen quarters.

8. It is no use trying to run away from them.

9. No one got the better other, never, never.

10. Lewis stopped dead at the corner, staring in blank astonishment after these two figures.

11. We and all the people have been waiting patient for many an hour.

12. One cannot help admiring the fellow.

13. There all men could be equally valuable as human beings.

14. We must begin here and now to show.

15. But for the accident he would have got there all right.

16. Would you come a little later?

17. He simply would not answer.

18. You will get out of here and you will stay out.

19. Nothing will make me change my mind.

20. It does not make sense.

21. She wasn't born blind like the other children.

22. It must have seemed natural to use the caves in the cliff for storing things at the time.

6. OBJECT

Exercise 6.1. Find objects in the following sentences and say what they are expressed by.

1. I should insist on my husband improving me, or else we part.

2. She pulled out a cigarette and held it between her lips.

3. Could they prevent flying in war time?

4. Haviland closed the door.

5. He now held him responsible for his wife’s death.

6. I remember seeing you once.

7. He found it impossible to utter the next word.

8. Jane always championed the unfortunate.

9. He found a number of persons in the Morse home.

10. It cost me a pretty penny.

11. He couldn’t afford to buy it.

12. He saw someone coming toward them.

13. She made it clear from the beginning that she had come on purpose.

14. You ought to know all about statues and things.

15. He said hi several times but got no response.

A. Direct Object: used after TRANSITIVE verbs

Some verbs are transitive in English and intransitive in Russian:

He plays chess. - Он играет в шахматы.

Some verbs are transitive in Russian and intransitive in English:

Я слушаю вас. - I listen to you.

Some phrasal verbs can be transitive.

Most of them can be separated when the object is a noun and must be separated when the object is a pronoun:

to try on a dress / to try a dress on - to try it on

Phrasal verbs (a verb + an adverbial particle) should not be confused with a verb + a preposition:

to fill up the forms = to fill them up (to fill up what?) à a phrasal verb + a direct object

to go up the hill (to go where?) à a verb + a prepositional object

Exercise 6.2. (oral) Respond to the instructor’s remarks following the pattern below.

Pattern: Did you fill out all the forms? - Yes, I filled them out last week.

B. Indirect Object: used after TRANSITIVE verbs usually together with the direct object

It shows the person TO whom or FOR whom the action is done.

Sometimes the direct object can be omitted if it is understood or implied.

Exercise 6.3. Analyze objects in the following sentences.

1. Where are the papers you have brought me?

2. Who will pay you for this?

3. The telegram was sent them two weeks ago.

4. They left him alone.

5. I owe you now.

6. It hardly cost her anything to get this car.

7. I meant to have given you some money this morning. Please, forgive me my poor memory. I’ll give it to you in the afternoon.

8. Please, write me as much as you can.

9. The gardener gave the fence a new coat of paint.

10. Fetch your friend a chair.

11. Fetch your friend to the party.

12. Could you teach me how to do it?

13. Don’t keep the books too long; return them in due time.

14. The neighbors asked me when I could return them their mower.

15. His voice refused him.

Prepositions with indirect objects.

a) after some verbs the indirect object is ALWAYS used with TO:

SAY to me: announce, confess, describe, demonstrate, explain, introduce,

propose, prove, recommend, repeat, report, suggest

b) in other cases, the indirect object is used with TO only IF IT FOLLOWS the direct object:

He sent a letter to his friends. à He sent them a letter.

c) if the verb expresses favor or service, FOR is used with the indirect object:

I bought my girlfriend a nice present. à I bought it for her yesterday.

d) to decide which of the objects should come first use the following rules:

- the shorter one (usually pronoun) comes first Show me the book.

- if they are equal, the direct one comes first Show the book to Tom.

- the order can be changed for emphasis Show the book TO ME!

With the following verbs the non-prepositional word-order is the only one possible:

ask smb. sth. They asked me several questions.

cost smb. sth. It cost her a pretty penny.

charge smb. sth. They charged our firm $1 million.

envy smb. sth. We envied him that huge success.

forgive smb. sth. She couldn’t forgive him the betrayal.

Exercise 6.4. Insert prepositions if necessary.

1. I have told this ... you several times.

2. Can you forgive ... her this negligence.

3. John gave the book ... me so that I might learn the words.

4. Did I introduce ... you the lady sitting in the corner?

5. Not finding him at the office, she left ... him a note.

6. He decided to buy a blue silk scarf ... his wife.

7. They showed ... us the list of goods to be sold at the auction.

8. We have sent invitations ... the parties participating in the agreement.

9. No difficulties would have arisen if he had explained ... me everything in due time.

10. He described ... me the girl’s appearance in every detail.

11. I ordered another steak ... you.

12. Pass ... me the salt, please.

13. Why can’t you prove ... your brother that you simply had to do so.

14. What did you suggest ... them?

15. Could you please cash this check ... me?

Exercise 6.5. (oral) Replace noun-objects by pronouns following the pattern below.

Pattern: Did you send our clients the package of samples? - Yes I sent it to them last week.

C. Prepositional

used after verbs, adjectives or nouns

To distinguish the prepositional object from the direct one, use the following sample:

Get off your gloves. - can be replaced by a transitive verb (remove ...) OR the pronoun separates OFF (Get them off.) OR the verb meaning is changed by OFF

à phrasal verb + direct object

Get off the bus. - cannot be replaced by a transitive verb AND OFF cannot be separated AND the verb meaning is not changed by OFF (get = go)

à verb + prepositional object

To distinguish the prepositional object from the indirect one, use the following sample:

She made some coffee for John. - the direct object is present or implied AND FOR indicates for whom the action is done

à indirect object

The ship made for the open sea. - the direct object is impossible AND FOR does not indicate for whom the action is done

à prepositional object

Exercise 6.6. Analyze the underlined objects.

1) I understand it that you’re my wife’s brother. 2) Read it to everybody. 3) Write to him, and he’ll read your letter to me. 4) Won’t you sing to us? 5) Do you find it easy arguing with them? 6) Who’s looking after your children while you are away. 7) He turned and went after his brothers. 8) Let’s walk it a little; we may take a bus farther on. 9) A whole page had to be given over to readers’ letters. 10) I’m bringing up my boy the hard way so that he won’t be helpless later. 11) Mother says would you please bring up the tea things - she can’t go downstairs. 12) They’ve brought the box up the road. 13) So, Tracy is bossing it here again! 14) You’ll find it dream-like to admire the sight of the setting sun. 15) They laid off 500 workers when the factory closed. 16) 500 workers were laid off work.

Exercise 6.7. Make sentences and change them according to the pattern below.

Pattern: I promised Jimmy a new bike. à I promised it to him.

1. the master has explained / the worker / the procedure

2. we offered / all the necessary assistance / the delegation

3. the consulting specialist suggested / the management / a different approach

4. this time I’ll forgive / little Pete / his misbehavior

5. can we do / what else / Mr.Smith

6. the defendant himself will tell / the whole story / the Chief Justice

7. I want to ask / another question / the office representative

8. She meant to do / a favor / the newlyweds

9. James hurried to fetch / a bottle of sherry / the company

10. the advice has saved / the publishers / much spending

11. she had to report / the police / the details of the accident

12. the salesman promised / a complete satisfaction / his customers

13. a real estate agent finds / houses / home-buyers

14. the marketing director proposed / the vice president / a new TV commercial

15. the new house cost / $110,000 / the couple

16. the chef baked / a delicious cake / the birthday person

17. they recommended / a good auto repair shop / Alexandra

18. the computer saves / a great deal of time and money / businesses

19. the company introduced / the European market / the new product

20. It’s usually a TV celebrity who announces / the audience / the winning lottery number

Exercise 6.8. Supply the necessary preposition and substitute the underlined noun with a pronoun.

1. Lou ran ... Charlie in a health club.

2. She decided to give ... her job.

3. She proudly turned ... the donation.

4. When he reads the paper, he always cuts ... articles about his wife.

5. She’s going to put ... a picture of the president on the wall.

6. It looks like Democrats are going to take ... the Senate after the next election.

7. A congressional committee will check ... the report of the senator.

8. She always goes ... her notes quickly before she gives a speech.

9. I have picked ... the list of voters in the electoral committee.

10. He has been looking ... the possibility of a job with this clothing company.

11. The state legislature has put ... the vote on the creation of a wilderness area.

12. Do you have any idea which cab companies are looking ... drivers?

13. The pilot pointed ... the cities we were flying over.

14. I wonder if the travel agency is going to fill ... the plane to Hawaii.

15. Can you tell me how I need to fill ... these lines on this lost luggage form?

16. Did you call ... your agent yet?

17. Her boss doesn’t know when she’s going to turn ... her request for a transfer.

18. The police might have come ... some evidence in their search last night.

19. The thief told the customers to put ... their hands.

20. The man who held ... the liquor store wore a ski mask.

Exercise 6.9. Translate the sentences and compare English and Russian objects.

1. Какой смысл спорить с ним и доказывать ему, что он неправ? Все равно он останется при своем мнении.

2. Он должно быть забыл о том, что мы виделись в прошлом году на юге.

3. Что заставило его отказаться от вашего предложения?

4. Они посоветовали поговорить с ним лично и попросить, чтобы он объяснил свое непонятное поведение.

5. Все газеты пространно комментировали читателям это событие.

6. По мере того, как он приближался к дому, его нетерпение возрастало.

7. Поскольку у меня мало времени, я не собираюсь касаться в своем выступлении всех вопросов, относящихся к этой проблеме.

8. Жюри объявит о результатах соревнования несколько позднее.

9. Что напоминает вам этот мотив?

10. Ему нельзя поручать такое ответственное задание.

11. Вы уже расписались в регистрационной книге?

12. Он надеялся, что никто не станет упоминать об этом случае.

13. Никто никогда не сомневался в его честности.

14. Вы пытались повлиять на него каким-либо образом?

15. Неужели вы не могли догадаться об этом сами?

16. Я никак не мог припомнить его адрес, как вдруг я вспомнил о записке.

17. Я очень удивлен, что он не ответил на ваше письмо.

18. Если увидишь его, скажи, что собрание перенесено на вторник.

19. Они должны были бы известить о дне приезда заранее.

20. Мы на него так надеялись, а он подвел нас.

7. OBJECT (Cont’d)

D. Cognate

used with intransitive verbs to emphasize or modify the verb’s meaning

She died. à She died a dreadful death.

to distinguish a cognate object from a direct one, use the following:

She laughed a hearty laugh. the object modifies the verb and can be replaced

by an adverb (laughed heartily)

à cognate object

She sang a good song. It does not mean She sang well.

à direct object

Exercise 7.1. Translate using cognate objects.

Он умер героически. Старик тяжело вздохнул. Они жили долго и счастливо. Мы крепко спали. Она горько рассмеялась. Он грустно улыбнулся. Он нанес смертельный удар. Они ожесточенно боролись.

E. Complex objects

a) Accusative with the Infinitive

bare infinitive: see, hear, feel (=perceive), watch, observe, notice ...

let, make, have, help

to-infinitive: know, believe, consider, feel (=expect), find ...

pronounce, declare, report ...t

want, wish, desire, like, hate ...

order, allow, cause, get ...

b) Accusative with the Participle

participle I see, hear, feel, keep ...

participle II consider, want, wish, desire, have, get

c) Accusative with the Predicative Elements (adj., nouns)

I find it impossible (to argue with him).

They elected him President.

d) Constructions with Gerunds and Infinitives

She didn’t mind my saying so. (direct object)

I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)

Exercise 7.2. Transform sentences using complex objects and analyze the objects.

1. Almost the entire school saw how the box was delivered.

2. From where she stood everything could be heard going on at once.

3. He considers he’s got little thanks from his wife and five kids.

4. He was heard to go downstairs.

5. He was made to eat much and sleep after lunch.

6. I believe they used to be very good at physics and other pure sciences.

7. I’ll ask somebody to bring up your things and unpack them.

8. If your wife is willing to take you away from me, I didn’t blame you.

9. She was found divine by everybody.

10. The girl was noticed standing listlessly by a pillar.

Exercise 7.3. Transform complex objects into complex subjects.

1. A short convulsive movement of the body made her faint.

2. Do you expect me to pay for this excursion of yours?

3. Everybody watched the train pull out.

4. How can we expect anyone to think well of us when such things are written about us?

5. I don’t even think they heard us come in.

6. I have never seen Lester complain before.

7. I overheard Dale saying something about it.

8. Nobody heard him talking to himself.

9. Nothing will make me believe it was true.

10. We knew him to have refused his office in the interests of his profession.

Exercise 7.4. Supply the particle TO if necessary.

1. He gave a quick grin that made his lean face ... look more lean and twisted than ever.

2. Ever since I came into this silly house I have been made ... look like a fool.

3. I’m the cook and I won’t have anyone ... come interfering in my kitchen.

4. He let the hammer ... drop out of his hands.

5. The poor boy was absolutely broke and it made my heart ... bleed.

6. Conrad had never known her ... talk so much.

7. He knew this nice sweet lady ... be his enemy and ... hate him.

8. I want to look at him and hear him ... talk.

9. The door was heard ... open and close.

10. She felt herself ... be tall and fresh and slim.

11. I felt my blood ... freeze.

12. When she reach the front steps, she heard the taxi ... drive away, she turned and watched it ... disappear in the darkness.

13. Never once had she been seen ... cry.

14. I came to get someone ... tell me the truth.

15. I’ll have Bertha ... bring you breakfast.

16. I have never known Hector ... behave like this.

17. He looked at his watch and ordered the cab ... be brought round immediately.

18. She watched him ... go up the street and ... enter the door.

19. He can get other people ... do anything for him.

20. You won’t allow this newspaper ... gossip about your wife.

8. OBJECT (Cont’d)

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS OBJECTS (review)

MAIN VERBS TAKING BOTH WITHOUT CHANGE IN MEANING (some = CVAP)

begin, start, continue, cease, like, love, hate, can’t bear, prefer, intend, propose, neglect

MAIN VERBS TAKING BOTH WITH CHANGE IN MEANING

try, remember, forget, go on, regret

MAIN VERBS TAKING GERUNDS ONLY as direct objects

finish, give up, stop, quit, leave off, complete, keep (on), resume, delay, postpone, put off

avoid, escape, deny, dislike, detest, enjoy, miss, recall, resist, resent, risk, tolerate, endure

admit, appreciate, consider, discuss, mention, imagine, practice, recommend, suggest

can’t stand, can’t face, can’t help, (don’t) mind, be worth, have trouble, have difficulty

MAIN VERBS REQUIRING AN INDIRECT OBJECT BEFORE THE INFINITIVE

I allow YOU to go.

tell, convince, persuade, remind, warn, command, urge, make, cause, force, order, require, invite, teach, advise, challenge, encourage, instruct, allow, forbid, permit, authorize, hire, train

Exercise 8.1. Fill in the blanks with the infinitive or ing-forms of the indicated verb. Add an object before the infinitive if necessary.

Lisa is an air traffic controller at a busy urban airport that handles hundreds of commercial flights every day. She learned her job while she was in the army, where professionals trained (use)___________________ radar to determine the position and speed of different aircraft. It is important (communicate)___________________ clearly with the pilots of airplanes. Lisa authorizes (follow) __________________ certain flight patterns. She allows (land and take off)__________________, so she has to know the exact position of each plane. She also has to remember (keep)__________________ track of several different planes at the same time. Unless she keeps on (concentrate)__________________and avoids (make) ___________________ any mistakes at all, there might be a serious accident.

Lisa decided (become)___________________ an air traffic controller because it is an exciting, necessary job that pays a good salary. She enjoys (control)___________________the landing and takeoff patterns of planes, and she likes (have)___________________the feeling that she is responsible for the safe operation of the airport, but her job contains a very high level of stress. She has gotten used to (be)__________________ under a lot of pressure, but at any one moment Lisa may be responsible for the lives of hundreds or even thousands of people, and she worries constantly about (make) ___________________ a mistake and (cause) ___________________a crash. Sometimes she imagines (be)____________ responsible for an accident, and wonders how she might feel in that situation. Recently she has started (dream)___________________ about her work. Even though her supervisor requires (take) __________________ a break every two or three hours, Lisa admits (feel)___________________ tense and tired a lot of the time, and some mornings she hates (go)___________ to work. When she finishes (work)___________________, she is often so tense that she has stomach pains and headaches. Lisa's husband encourages (talk)___________________ about the stress and problems of her job, and he would like (spend)___________________ more time (relax) ___________________ with him and their children.

Lisa says that she is used to (work) ___________________ in a stressful situation. Because she knows how (do) ___________________ her job well and gets a good salary, she will continue (work) ___________________ as an air traffic controller for a few more years. However, at some time in the future she intends (find) ___________________ a new career because she hopes (have) ___________________ a more relaxed life.

Exercise 8.2. Choose between the infinitive and the ing-form.

1. I wished . . . quite fair. (to be)

2. I enjoyed . . . to her talk of Viennese society in the days of her youth. (to listen)

3. Jerry was enjoying himself and did not want . . . away. I suggested . . . him and . . . him meet us at the station. (to come, to leave, to let)

4. Everything you've planned . . . is sensible. (to do)

5. Riley offered . . . into town and . . . some coffee. (to drive, to get)

6. He longs . . . down and . . . a quiet country life. (to settle, to live)

7. Kate avoided . . . John alone. (to see)

8. You keep . .. things in Latin and you know I can't understand. (to say)

9. He preceded . . . this by his own story. (to illustrate)

10. Her eyes were full and bright. She did not pretend. . . her nervousness. (to hide)

11. Jack asked for some stationary and set about ... a letter to his son. (to compose)

12. Renny was often dead right, more often than I cared . . . . (to remember)

13. He sat there sullenly and refused . .. . (to answer)

14. I didn't mind . . . about them a bit. (to think)

15. He had just finished . .. up a suitcase. (to strap)

16. He did not hesitate . .. such methods. (to employ)

17. We arranged . . . . (to meet)

18. He stopped . . . and went into the bathroom to turn the water on for the bath. (to whistle)

19. His sister-in-law certainly needed . . . after. (to look)

20. As I grew . . . him I began . . . him. (to know, to like)

21. We can't afford . . . you. (to waste)

22. I can't help . .. Sophy. (to like)

23. I couldn't resist ... such a lovely hat. (to buy)

24. She says she can't imagine not . . . his key in the lock. (to hear)

25. I hadn't understood why, the previous summer, he had given up ... ... Roger. (to attempt, to see)

26. I notice that you took the trouble . . . your picture into all the papers. (to get)

27. I have been meaning . . . you about it. (to ask)

28. He denied . . . anything about the missing document. (to know)

29. You mentioned . . . us a different book. We're nearly finished . . . this one. (to get, to read)

30. You certainly mustn't miss . . . this wonderful film. (to see)

31. Mary tended ... upset by her failures. (to be)

32. Tears filled her eyes and ran down her cheeks. She did not trouble . . . them away. (to wipe)

33. He is considering . . . a book about his war experience. (to write)

34. She put off . . . the news to her father. (to break)

35. Looking back on it, I think it would have been better, if we had never attempted. . . . (to interfere)

36. He got out of bed and prepared . . . . (to shave)

37. I wondered if you felt like . . . out for a dance? (to come)

38. He had made up his mind . . . in Dick. (to confide)

39. I considered . . . the ceiling blue. (to paint)

40. She couldn't go on . . . alone in that great house. (to live)

Exercise 8.3. Analyze the following sentences (subject, predicate, objects):

1. Alice didn’t like shaking hands with either of them first.

2. Don't you envy her that poise and assurance?

3. I seemed to think it impossible to cross the river in the dark.

4. He waited for the girl to notice him.

5. The first thing was to get rid of the package, I let the thing slide between the platforms.

6. I could feel, rather than see, his weight moving about the boat

7. I know what you told me. Do you expect me to believe?

8. While I struggled out of my sopping clothes the old woman kept asking me questions.

9. Even now, she could only see herself and wonder how this event would affect her interests.

10. He was seen having tea at his parents’ with a very young girl.

Exercise 8.4. Correct mistakes.

1. “I will not sit here and hear such comparisons made,” said she after we finished describing her our new girlfriend.

2. Ask this question to Mungo, and you’ll know that his people were written to.

3. But the one revelation that always hurt her was his conception of his father as someone who never remembers being on time.

4. I only say that I disapprove your preferring such company as Mistress Peggoty.

5. Mr.Heng sent a polite verbal reply where advised not to worry about his whereabouts.

6. Mr.Murdstone and I were soon off in spite of it being so difficult to get the house through.

7. She was leaning on the banisters, listening to something and resenting not to be able to leave.

8. She’s incapable of deciding probably because she never means hurting anybody.

9. They couldn’t be expected to understand that father was the very last person for such thing to happen to.

10. You weren’t to have been paid because the assignment was not completed: Jack had to do it over.

9. ATTRIBUTE

Exercise 9.1. Find and analyze attributes.

1. It's a good idea.

2. I know a better way.

3. She was my best friend at school.

4. It was my idea.

5. Look at this girl.

6. Whose little boy are you?

7. There's some milk left.

8. The place was called "The Four Poplars".

9. The second letter came only two days later.

10. It was still called Mother's room.

11. It was a charming forest scene.

12. The young man with the scenic cravat glanced nervously at the girl in the fringed dress.

13. He was the last to learn about it.

14. I have no intention of telling you.

15. The still admiring Joe, while on a business trip, had seen Herbie.

16. The tightly stored tears would squeeze from her eyes as she teetered past on her aching feet.

17. The idea of Debbie taking him seriously never once crossed his mind.

18. There's no place for them to sleep unless we let them have our room.

19. The downstairs closet was their favorite hiding place.

20. We could hear somebody move in the room above.

21. The woman with faded blue eyes turned out to be Jan's mother.

22. All I know is that he is gone.

RESTRICTIVE ATTRIBUTES (limiting, particularizing)

For camp we needed clothes that were washable (ONLY those).

· limit the meaning of the modified word

· are not separated by commas

· cannot be omitted without change in meaning

· the modified noun often takes THE-article

NONRESTRICTIVE ATTRIBUTES (descriptive)

We also needed hiking shoes, which were expensive (not ONLY those).

· provide additional, often marginal information

· are separated by commas à similar to parenthetical elements

· can be omitted without considerable change in meaning

· do not influence the choice of articles

Exercise 9.2. Say whether the attributes are limiting or descriptive and supply articles:

1. "(...) injured man does not understand our language", he said and walked off to find (...) English doctor.

2. (...) number 39 was (...) house with (...) plain green grass bordered by a fence.

3. He politely avoided all invitations from (...) professional acquaintances.

4. (...) three thin cracked notes of the gong floated into the garden inviting us to dinner.

5. She said good-bye to me and started at a great pace up (...) chalky footpath.

6. I think that that is (...) wrong point of view.

7. To (...) little girl he was (...) figure to be feared and avoided.

8. I took (...) opportunity of talking with my father for a moment.

9. She felt, as usual, confident that she had done (...) right thing and that this was (...) only conceivable course for me.

10. My mother was capable but preoccupied, my father took it for granted that she was (...) stronger character and never made more than (...) comic pretense of interfering at home.

11. He shook his head and said: "Well, I suppose (...) young men must have their fling."

12. I couldn't explain to myself (...) stunned look in her face.

13. His church does not allow him (...) second wife.

14. Then he told me in (...) trembling voice what had happened.

15. He said he would give me the job on (...) usual terms.

16. That's (...) poem I learnt in the nursery, but I simply can't remember how it goes on.

17. He often had (...) feeling that he did not know her fully, that she was a stranger.

18. He had made (...) mistake which caused him to feel inept.

19. Mr Knight would not speak to me for (...) simple reason that he felt hurt.

20. I dislike (...) people who talk about their private lives.

21. He said: "I'm sorry I had to be late," and sat in (...) armchair which had been preserved for him.

22. She was wearing (...) fur coat which made her look a matron.

ATTRIBUTES IN APPOSITION

RESTRICTIVE APPOSITION (close)

Doctor Beddoes was called in. The plaintiff Jackson was sitting alone in the room.

· is not separated by commas

· the modified noun often takes NO- or THE-article

NONRESTRICTIVE APPOSITION (loose)

Jane, a daughter of my neighbor, was working in the garden..

This is a complaint of a respected citizen, Samuel Jackson.

· is separated by commas à similar to parenthetical elements

· does not influence the choice of articles

Exercise 9.3. Supply articles and explain the kind of apposition:

1. (...) Colonel Pollard. 2. (...) Inspector Craddock, of Scotland Yard. 3. William (...) Conqueror. 4. Edward (...) Confessor. 5. Peter (...) Great. 6. John (...) Baptist. 7. (...) River Mississippi. 8. (...) hotel "Majestic".9. (...) Gorky Street. 10. (...) Piccadilly Circus. 11. (...) newspaper "Star". 12. (...) ship "Queen Mary". 13. Byron, (...) great English poet. 14. (...) Rocky Mountains. 15. (...) Mount Elbrus. 16. Miss Tilda, (...) Head Waitress. 17. (...) Stewardess Jane. 18. (...) Lake Ontario. 19. (...) Regent Street. 20. (...) Anderson brothers. 21. Mr Smith, (...) Editor-in-Chief, (...) "Journal of Forestry". 22. Ronald F. Carster, (...) mining engineer. 23. (...) Moskva River. 24. The girl he loved was Laura Merton, (...) daughter of a retired colonel who had lost his temper and his digestion in India. 25. It wouldn't be hard to make up a story for (...) uncle Philip. 26. For some days Hotchkinson, (...) solicitor to whom Eden had deputed the case, sent me no news. 27. He had been to the tomb of Hafiz (...) poet. 28. Two men, (...) two passengers, came along the gangway, and she amused herself by trying to guess whether they were single or married. 29. Charles was dancing with his cousin, (...) good-looking, strapping girl. 30. Even Mr March, (...) most realistic man there, could not forgive me. 31. He now arranged with Spender, (...) editor of "The Times Literary Supplement", to write articles on current French literature. 32. They drove up to the terminal, (...) brightly lighted and air-conditioned building. 33. I was chatting with the man's wife, (...) lady in purple trousers, when he was called to the telephone. 34. In the rear of the car, Margaret Howden, (...) wife of the President of the firm, said to her husband: "You look tired." 35. He's (...) Doctor Evans, (...) nephew of your host tonight. 36. The principal of the school decided to send (...) boy Chalmers back home. 37. That evening I was introduced to (...) Captain Riley.

ATTRIBUTES IN THE POSSESSIVE CASE

RESTRICTIVE ATTRIBUTES (specifying)

the girls’ room = the room of THESE particular girls

· denote a particular person or thing

· may be replaced by an OF-phrase

· the article depends on the word in possessive case

NONRESTRICTIVE ATTRIBUTES (classifying)

a girls’ school = a school for girls

· denote a whole class of similar objects or people

· function like adjectives

· are generally replaced by a FOR-phrase or others

· the article depends on the head word

Exercise 9.4. Say which element of the combination 'noun + 's + noun' the article refers to in the following sentences and supply necessary articles:

1. They lived in a two-foot shelter just outside (...) officers' dug-out.

2. He was eager to see Dennis, who was at (...) boys' camp somewhere.

3. There were two old men there and they were taken to (...) old people's home.

4. They made (...) two hours' journey in a train which stopped at every station.

5. After (...) six months' period of drought it started raining every day.

6. He was a tall young man with (...) sad clown's face under stiff red hair.

7. He returned (...) old woman's smile.

8. On the opposite side of the street was (...) Sharpes' old car.

9. She was (...) miner's widow.

10. Have you read (...) Bob's new novel?

11. He took (...) doctor's arm and led him out of the room.

12. He went up to the third floor where (...) assistants' office was located.

13. She lives in (...) doll's house at the back of the garden.

14. That dog is a proper brute with strangers. I've known him bite clean through (...) lady's stockings.

15. They were promised (...) four days' rest.

16. With one hand on (...) young man's shoulder, he went up the stairs.

17. She is out visiting (...) neighbor's daughter.

18. Thirty years before she taught at (...) smart girls' school.

19. He sat on the floor stroking (...) cat's fur.

20. After (...) two months' leave I was sent to (...) Officers' Training Camp in Dorset.

21. In that mood I was unsuitable for attending (...) parents' meeting at the school.

22. The scheme of study in (...) Teachers' Training College is based upon compulsory and optional subjects.

23. The theatre had (...) three weeks' ballet season.

24. I was told by my friends not to believe (...) girl's tears.

25. I stopped at the door to (...) Holly's apartment.

26. (...) chief's remarks left me indifferent.

27. She spoke guardedly, and her green eyes veiled themselves like (...) parrot's eyes.

28. "Is that Mr Blair?" (...) woman's voice asked in the telephone.

29. Then she leaped to one side as (...) car's brakes screamed behind her.

30. By (...) clown's grimace on his face I understood what he was suffering.

Exercise 9.5. Supply articles and analyze attributes.

1. Jarvinen was ____ Finn, with ____ extraordinary blue eyes. 2. She started ____ motor and turned carefully in ____ muddy lane. She drove back through ____ bridge again ____ clattering of ____ car over ____ loose floorboards reminded her of ____ sound she had taken for ____ truck passing ____ cottage in the night. Of course, it had been ____ car going through ____ bridge. 3. I felt like ____ prince who is schooled from ____ age of five to ____ idea of becoming ____ king. 4. Amy put ____ kettle on and got out ____ cups and ____ saucers, ____ spoons, ____ sugar bowl. 5. She was married to ____ man called Bronson. He was ____ planter. He was ____ manager of ____ estate up ____ river. 6. Outside in ____ street, he called for ____ taxi at ____ top of his voice, and set off in chase of it like ____ young man. 7. Thames Street was ____ broad road on ____ edge of ____ town half ____ mile from ____ park. Most of ____ houses in it had been built just before ____ war. 8. You can't treat Charles like ____ child. He is ____ grown man, 9. ____ pleasantest man in ____ office was ____ big ex-paratrooper named John Duncan. He was six feet tall, had ____ face of ____ farmer, and seemed to like everybody and everything. 10. I have married ____ Philip's widow. I am ____ richest man in ____ town today, my friend. 11. All ____ big hotels are very much the same. 12. Does it occur to you how boring that sort of ____ scene is? 13. He felt ____ gentle touch of ____ Betty's hand on his shoulder. 14. The plane flew at ____ speed of over 1.560 m. p. h. 15. There high society seldom admits ____ outsiders into its midst ____ politicians live in their own corruptive circle, ____ bourgeoisie, great and small, frequent one another. 16. Her father had started life as ____ errand boy, then became ____ draper's assistant and was now ____ owner of ____ prosperous little business. 17. "What ____ beautiful portraits," she said, "and what ____ lucky man you must be!" 18. Opposite ____ window stood ____ full-length painting of Charles as ____ small boy. 19. Several of ____ boys at the new school came from ____ same part of ____ town. 20. Who is ____ best man at this sort of ____ thing in your office? 21. Trevor was ____ painter. Indeed, ____ few people escape that nowadays. But he was also ____ artist, and ____ artists are rather rare. 22. "What did he do?" "He put ____ bomb in ____ woman's bicycle basket in ____ busy London street and blew ____ four people to pieces, including ____ woman." 23. I followed his gaze ____ two men dressed in ____ white coveralls were carrying ____ large wooden crate up, ____ path, followed by ____ other man carrying ____ tool box. "Over here," my friend called. They put ____ crate down in front of him. "Everything ready?" he asked ____ man with ____ tool box. 24. It's ____ kind of . .. secret I'm not bad at keeping. 25. Bert Smith was ____ art lover, or at least he bought ____ pictures. 26. As she came out of ____ store, ____ woman crossed her path with ____ arms full of ____ sofa cushions, and went to ____ car parked down ____ street. 27. He often told ____ people that he was ____ Irishman but he couldn't fool ____ Irish, they saw through him. 28. It was just as stupid to condemn him as to condemn ____ wolf because he ravens or ____ cobra because he strikes. 29. It may be that ____ police are interested in ____ man. 30. He was ____ great believer in ____ man. 31. I thought of him as ____ equal. 32. He would have been ____ captain of ____ team if he had been less unpopular. 33. They were ____ greatest friends, all four of them. 34. He was introduced to Carlotta Lee, ____ girl who played ____ leading part. 35. I gathered that she was ____ widow of ____ colonial governor.

10. ATTRIBUTE (Cont’d)

Exercise 10.1. Define whether the attribute is restrictive (particularizing) or nonrestrictive (descriptive) and add commas where necessary.

1. Ed’s country house which is located on thirteen acres was completely furnished with mice.

2. One corner of the attic was filled with newspapers dating from the turn of the century.

3. They had to face the truth that they had spent all their money.

4. She knew the only truth that they had spent all their money.

5. Cars parked illegally will be removed.

6. The castle burnt down in 1485 was never rebuilt.

7. Fred Long who is a neighbor of yours will be visiting us this evening.

8. Employees who have government contracts are supposed to extend them.

9. Then again he met the girl who invited him to a party.

10. Then again he met the girl who had invited him to the party.

11. Here’s the man whom I mentioned the other day.

12. Here’s John Smithson whom I mentioned the other day.

13. Monday was the day on which he left.

14. I found at my elbow a pretty girl who was begging for a penny.

15. They will do for a man who was in the war what they will never do for any other man.

Exercise 10.2. Underline the apposition, say whether it is restrictive (close) or nonrestrictive (loose) and add commas where necessary.

1. Norman Mailer’s first novel The Naked and the Dead was a best-seller.

2. The song “Fire It Up” was blasted out of amplifiers ten feet tall.

3. Tommy Trott a man of law sold his bed and lay upon straw.

4. She was greatly concerned about Juliana her youngest and prettiest daughter.

5. A letter from uncle Samuel cheered him no end.

6. Here was I Lucy Waring being asked into the water for a play.

7. There was the dolphin Jack who saw the ships through Cook Strait for twenty years.

8. George Lamb your friend has just telephoned.

9. Your friend George Lamb has just telephoned.

10. Your best friend George Lamb has just telephoned.

Exercise 10.3. Supply necessary articles for nouns modified by other nouns.

1. ... Frank Sinatra Show

2. ... Frank Sinatra’s Show

3. ... Pskov Museum

4. ... Tretyakov Gallery

5. ... women’s college

6. ... summer’s day

7. ... girls’ school

8. ... fifteen minutes’ break

9. ... doctor’s words

10. ... doctor’s degree

11. ... Europe’s future

12. ... three weeks’ holiday

13. ... week’s holidays

14. ... theater season’s first big event

15. ... Verdi’s opera

16. ... Chaikovsky Hall

17. ... Chaikovsky’s symphony

18. ... someone’s raincoat

19. ... father-in-law’s office

20. ... students’ cafeteria

Order of attributes:

ooooooooo

1. age ANCIENT

2. color GRAY

3. descriptive epithet BRILLIANT

4. material MARBLE

5. modifier: article, numeral, possessive ALL

6. nationality, religion GREEK

7. noun phrase SCULPTURE JUNK

8. shape, price DEFORMED

9. size COLOSSAL

Exercise 10.4. Arrange the attributes in their proper order.

1. The (brown / rich) atmosphere was peculiar to the back rooms.

2. When her cry was over, Dulcie got up and took off her best dress, and put on (blue / her / old) kimono.

3. Henry Ogden wore finger rings and a (gold / big / expensive) watch and careful neckties.

4. (Sensitive / affectionate / young / imaginative) boys get a bad time at school.

5. Her mother was speaking in (pleasing / her / slightly metallic / low) voice.

6. He put his packet of easy vegetables on the (violet / new) tablecloth, and wiped out his hat brim with a (pocket / abundant / yellow / crimson / and) handkerchief.

7. In (red / Turkish) slippers and a (old / velvet / brown) coat Keith Darrant sits asleep.

8. He, alone, perhaps, of painters would have done justice to Annette in her (lacy / black) dress.

9. "You take me for a (English / common) dog, sir!" his silence seemed to say.

10. The next day came the (red / little) bull, drawing the cart to the office door.

11. He was naked and painted blue and yellow in stripes a (jolly / little) chap.

12. "You and I," the little dog seemed saying with his (little / Chinese) stare, "object."

ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

Exercise 10.5. Analyze the adverbial modifiers.

1. After reading the book I changed my mind.

2. I sometimes see her there.

3. Have you been here long? - A couple of hours.

4. It was still raining.

5. Don't stand there, dear.

6. Come here!

7. We walked a long way.

8. You must not talk so fast.

9. He spoke without looking at me.

10. The story is extremely long.

11. The box weighs a ton.

12. I lost that job through falling ill.

13. She was bright enough to see through him.

14. But for this, things would have eventually come right.

15. She raised her eyebrows slightly as if surprised to see me there.

16. Have you come to talk business?

17. His theory, for all his reputation, was already out of date.

18. Apart from spelling, your English is decent.

Exercise 10.6. Analyze and sort the adverbial modifiers (on cards).

Exercise 10.7. Analyze the adverbial modifiers and say what they are expressed by.

1. A secretary came running with a frightened expression. 2. Mary descended the slope very easily. 3. The people in the bus remained silent till the end of the ride. 4. In spite of their lively talk each of them had something in reserve. 5. Alfred returned presently with quite a creditable assortment of tools. 6. They were just passing in through a side door. 7. The lady lived in a large gloomy house in one of London's higher class squares. 8. The fire that was merrily burning in the grate attracted the newcomers as a magnet. 9. Bill was much too exhausted from his night vigil to be of any further help. 10. The room was empty save for a small boy playing with his toys in a corner. 11. But for sheer coincidence, you would hardly be likely to run across him in this busy place. 12. Caroline, not knowing what to say, looked questioningly at her companion. 13. The village is large enough to organize a drama society for the young folk. 14. Despite his easy smile, the man was woefully difficult to deal with. 15. The woman cried out in spite of herself. 16. Whatever the circumstances, you must be confident of your just cause, my friends. 17. The motorcycle rushed past like a lightning leaving a cloud of smoke and a few stunned passers-by behind. 18. In case of any emergency, press the knob on your right.

Exercise 10.8. Find a matching adverbial modifier (predicative) of comparison / manner.

1. At a formal dance, George is like ...

2. Did you see her? She ran away like ...

3. I came home and found this cat in my chair, as big as ... and twice as ugly.

4. I’ll be snug as ... in this lovely little house.

5. In the company of my in-laws I feel like ...

6. John kept twisting the chicken’s neck even though it was dead as ...

7. My aunt is poor as ...

8. On the train, we were packed like ...

9. Our cat is stubborn as ...

10. Poor old John was as mad as ...

11. She smokes like ... and is as thin as ...

12. The captain remained as cool as ... as the passengers boarded the lifeboats.

13. The insults rolled off Helen like ...

14. The news came to us like ...

15. This cloth is soft as ...

16. Tom sat there smiling, as happy as ...

17. Trying to find my contact lens is always like ...

18. When the tourist season starts, this hotel is busy as ...

19. Whenever I jog, I get hungry as ...

20. You certainly look gloomy, Bill. You’re sober as ...

21. Your explanation is clear as ...

22. Your son is so easily influenced, just like ...

a) a baby’s bottom

b) a bat out of hell

c) a bear

d) a bolt out of the blue

e) a bug in a rug

f) a cat on hot bricks

g) a chimney

h) a church mouse

i) a clam

j) a cucumber

k) a doornail

l) a fish out of water

m) a hatter

n) a judge

o) a mule

p) a rake

q) a weather-cock

r) Grand Central Station

s) life

t) looking for a needle in a haystack

u) mud

v) sardines

w) water off a duck’s back

Exercise 10.9. Analyze the highlighted words.

1. He was a snob without shame.

2. He was telling lies without shame.

3. This court, encircled by a gallery on the upper floor, was roofed with a glass roof, supported by eight columns running up from the ground.

4. I've tried to plan a house here with some self-respect of its own.

5. "That ought to come down," he said, pointing to the oak-tree. "You think so? You think that with the tree there you don't get enough view for your money?"

6. When her hand was refused, June put it behind her. Her eyes grew steady with anger.

7. The talk in the neighborhood reflected the same feeling, and indignation against Martin ran high.

8. Father Ensteili said he could show me places in the neighborhood that he didn't think I'd be likely to discover for myself.

9. This, and the solid mud on his high boots, made him Cromwellian.

10. The light from the rose-shaded lamp fell on her neck and arms.

11. After luncheon, he enjoyed walking about in the dining-room with his cigar.

12. Bosinney stepped in after her.

13. Lovely weather after the rain, is it not?

14. He turned to Michael, "I've often told you, Michael, that life today can be very difficult for more than the working class."

15. Then Bini wrote and told me to pass through Pisa today on my way home, so that I could come here.

16. Do you know the situation at present in nuclear physics?

17. My position is a discouraging one at present.

18. Before him extended the heavy mass of the university buildings.

19. Bosinney and Irene arrived before them.

11. SIMPLE SENTENCE (final remarks)

Position of adverbial modifiers.

Exercise 11.1. Put the adverbial modifier in the proper place and comment upon the rules.

RULE

1. We slowly ascended a drive. (now)

2. Helen heard Jack to the end. (patiently)

3. He knew the principles of “pyramiding” and “kiting”. (instinctively)

4. The new laundry men arrived. (on Tuesday night)

5. A furnace was blowing flame. (down in the yard)

6. He led the guests. (into the library)

7. They only stayed. (about an hour, there)

8. No one loved me. (ever)

9. She was on the point of telling him the truth. (always)

10. He can leave her. (never)

11. They would tell us about their adventures. (often)

12. I agree with you. (entirely)

13. He has forgotten about the concert. (quite)

14. She leaned against his shoulder. (lightly)

15. She has been leaning against his shoulder. (lightly)

16. I have asked the question. (distinctly)

Exercise 11.2. Put the adverbial modifier in the proper place, give several variants if possible.

1. She turned away and pulled off her overcoat. (with a sudden gesture)

2. She displayed all her charms and accomplishments. (lavishly / for my pleasure)

3. Aileen blazed to a furious heat. (at once)

4. She had arrived home. (just)

5. He dropped off his horse. (wearily)

6. His face was flushed and swollen with anger. (for the moment)

7. He discovered that life was beastly. (afresh / every afternoon)

8. Johnson was off duty that morning, and devoted the time to Mr.Polly. (very generously)

9. She had experienced such a profound satisfaction of anger and hatred. (never)

10. I want to get away. (from home / for a certain reason / for a time)

Detached parts of the sentence.

Exercise 11.3. Point out the detached parts of the sentence.

1. Now their laughter joined together, seized each other and held close, harmoniously, intertwined through each other's fabric and substance. 2. Huckleberry Finn was there, with his dead cat. 3. We reached the station, with only a minute or two to spare. 4. Blind and almost senseless, like a bird caught in a snare, he still heard the sharp slam of the door. 5. As he strode along he was conscious, within himself, of a deep, pervading sense of power. 6. With his hands by his sides, he strolled very slowly and inconspicuously, down the border. 7. One summer, during a brief vacation at Knocke, his visit had come to the notice of Harrington Brande. 8. We are very poor, señor, with many mouths to feed, and these fish would make a good meal for us. 9. Unbelievingly, his eyes fixed, lips tightly compressed, Brande stared at the advancing youth. 10. He remembered her brave and hardy, with a small-boned eager face, enriched with weather and living. 11. The girls had met and were strolling, arm in arm, through the rose arbor.

Independent elements of the sentence:

1. interjection

2. direct address

3. parenthesis:

· modal words (indeed, perhaps, actually, etc.)

· adverbs-transitions (firstly, secondly, thus, anyway, still, besides, etc.)

· prepositional phrases (in short, in my opinion, on the other hand, etc.)

· infinitive and participial phrases (to begin with, frankly speaking, etc.)

Exercise 11.4. Point out all the independent elements and say what they are expressed by.

1. In the morning, however, there was a comforting excitement in leaving the train. 2. Maybe, after all, there was something in that wild idea of Albertine's. 3. They gave him, in fact, a pleasant feeling of vicarious fatherhood. 4. Nicholas, unfortunately, had passed an unquiet night. 5. Nevertheless, despite this reasoning there remained in his breast that strange sense of jealousy. 6. How fortunate to have such a reliable couple in the house. Naturally, he counted on the Burtons as an official standby. 7. I am a human being, señor, and must take advantage of my opportunities. Frankly, l am accustomed to good wine. 8. He was surprised, evidently, to find Sally so much at home and bustling about like that. 9. She was quite unconcerned, as a matter of fact, about being left alone in the camp. 10. Perhaps, her colonial upbringing had something to do with it. 11. It was still too early for his ride, but he did not go back to bed, he wasn't deeply worried, to be sure, but he knew that he wouldn't be able to sleep.

Use commas in a simple sentence for:

Þ Long introductory adverbial word group:

Near a small stream at the bottom, we discovered a shelter.

Þ Introductory or absolute participial phrases:

Excited about the move, Alice and Don began packing.

Þ Homogenous members, even joined by AND:

They ordered cornflakes, English muffins with peanut butter, and cherry Cokes.

Þ Nonrestrictive elements:

The helicopter, obviously a war veteran, circled above.

Þ Detached and independent elements:

He didn’t know our language; moreover, he was unfamiliar with our customs.

Þ To avoid incorrect grouping:

Patients who can, walk up and down the halls several times a day.

Do not use commas for:

Þ Short introductory adverbial word group:

In no time we were at 2,800 feet.

Þ Cumulative (non-homogeneous) attributes:

She ordered a rich chocolate layer cake.

Þ Restrictive elements:

The novel “War and Peace” is the longest book I’ve read.

Þ Transitions if they call for little or no pause:

Bill’s bicycle is broken; therefore you’ll need to borrow Sue’s.

Exercise 11.5. Add commas where necessary.

1. In the corner we found a stylish red silk gown from Sears.

2. He took after his blond father who had been a painter.

3. It was a senseless dangerous mission.

4. George who is now 26 had been an undergraduate at Cambridge where he’d studied art.

5. Drivers who think they own the road make cycling a dangerous sport.

6. Margaret Mead’s book Coming of Age in Samoa stirred up considerable controversy.

7. Perhaps I don’t quite catch your meaning Roddy.

8. Other causes of asthmatic attacks are stress change in temperature and pressure humidity and moisture and cold air.

9. Our generous hostess Miss Clarkson will no doubt come to see us off.

10. Ironically this job that appears so glamorous carefree and easy eventually carries a high degree of responsibility.

11. Immediately on arrival from the airport the chief Dr.Samuel called up a conference.

12. Sandra Barnes M.D. performed the surgery.

13. Forgive us Dr.Spock for spanking Brian our youngest son.

14. Celia unlike Robert had no loathing for dance contests.

15. Brenda was forced to rely on buses her car having been wrecked the week before.

16. Evolution so far as we know doesn’t work that way.

17. The bluefish weighed about twelve pounds give or take several ounces.

18. The second plane a huge Boeing was about to touch the runway.

Exercise 11.6. Analyze the sentences using proper underline.

1. You don’t seem to have done any great thing to yourself by going away.

2. They call the Dutch krautheads or anything else they happen to think of.

3. He never took steps to make himself liked.

4. If willing to compose the Mass, Mozart was to state the shortest time to finish it.

5. They felt it unreasonable of Ann to have left them like this without a word.

6. I remember a carter, evidently returning home, stopping his cart for his little boy to climb in.

7. Arthur, another guest, laughed softly at the thought of the Burtons looking for him.

8. The wind being favorable, our yacht is capable of reaching the island in no time.

9. This done, we, happy and satisfied, turned in profound silence toward home.

10. Unfortunately, there still had come no sign of Henry knowing anything about the question.

1. Make comments if the sentence has structural peculiarities (one-member, elliptical, etc.)
2. Underline:	subject	_____________ (mention if complex)
	predicate	============= (type?)
	object	- - - - - - - - - - - - (DO, IO, PO, complex)
	attribute	~~~~~~~~~ (apposition, clause, restr., nonrestr.)
	adv.modifier	_ . _ . _ . _ . _ . _ (type?)
3. Make comments about detached (what part) and parenthetical (what type) elements.

Exercise 11.7. Analyze the composite (compound or complex sentences). Identify types of the subordinate clauses.

1. Everything that you may want is in the wardrobe.

2. Hardly could his finish his last sentence when a great noise started.

3. He said he’d never heard of it.

4. He talked the way he’d done at lunch.

5. He was standing where he always had stood.

6. His broken wrist healed sooner than he desired.

7. However much advice you give him, he does what he wants.

8. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty Dumpty had a great fall...

9. I consulted my father, who promised to help me.

10. I had to leave at once, for whatever else could I have done?

11. I know when he will come to see me.

12. I tell you all this so you understand me properly.

13. I was so tired that I could hardly speak.

14. I’ve only seen him once since I left school.

15. It seemed unfair that he should suffer more than his wife.

16. Jon wondered if he had offended her.

17. Our proposal is that he join in. (predicative clause)

18. She loved to give, since she had plenty, and sent presents.

19. That’s what he wants you to think.

20. The more he reflected on the idea, the more he liked it.

21. The question whether it was he or his enemy was hotly discussed.

22. Unless somebody interferes, there may be a disaster.

23. Whether Ms Dell be jealous or not, she is fascinated by his work.

24. Whoever will move in next will need this couch more than I.

25. You may go, but don’t be late for dinner.

Exercise 11.8. Analyze the sentences.

1. And am I supposed to be going down there to shoot it in the middle of the night?

2. A small motor-boat came nosing round the bay, her engine spluttering and sneezing.

3. He was beside me on the sand with a coil of rope over his arm.

4. The dolphin lay like a log, his eye turning back to watch us.

5. I'd planned for you to visit it one day but there is an objection.

6. It was perfectly possible for a man to work on an abstruse problem one day and yell his head off at a football game the next.

7. I was hardly back in my hiding place before we heard him coming back, the lights of his car growing at a terrible speed and blinding me.

8. It'll be all right. No one is likely to find it here before morning.

9. I can't stand seeing anything hurt.

10. It was a mistake for her to come. She's not supposed to go out or see people.

11. He made his way purposefully to the car and reached out a hand for me to surrender the keys.

12. I had to drive slowly, the roads being packed and the harbor boulevard teeming with people.

13. He knew his way, no doubt of that. There was not the slightest danger of his getting lost.

14. He even mentioned my not being used to right side driving.

15. It's no use, no use whatever, my going to bed. I won't sleep a wink. I know it.

16. It was quite sufficiently unpleasant as it is without you butting in.

17. The dolphin - Spiro's dolphin - was stranded on the beach and Max told them to float it again.